Study On Encouraging Learning Proses Of Ancient China

Prose is one of the oldest literature patterns in China.Its genre is diverse,its subject is broad,its form is flexible and its language is also very visual.Because of these advantages,proses gradually become people’s favorite literature pattern.People use it to record and transmit the culture of human as the main medium.Meanwhile“encouraging learning”becomes one of the oldest themes of proses.It’s a kind of ideas opinion,an academic tradition and also a kind of national psychology. Studying proses from the view of“encouraging learning”is an unique and new way .Some articles just contain some content of encouraging learning,and some of them have the theme of encouraging learning.We call all these kind of articles“prose”.That means we use the most broad definition of prose in the thesis.It includes all the articles except poems,dramas and novels.The prose ,if classified from the length, includes writings which have thousands of words or even more than hundred thousand of words and short articles that just have dozens of words;If judged from genre,the prose includes essays of introductions,opinions, doctrines, advices, proverbs, commandments,postscripts and so on,almost includes all of the article styles;If classified from the rhythm of language,the prose includes verses and essays;The prose also includes the entire artiles and just some paragraphs of recorded utterances if judged from the layout.The proses of encouraging learning is very complicated, extensive and profound,not only has colourful content but also has various genres and immense quantities.There are more than thousands of encouraging learning proses which distribute in diferent periods on the base of writer’s collection.We will study the proses from the period before the Qin Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty.We take the predecessors’opionions and divide the period into five parts,they are the period before the Qin Dynasty, the Two Han Dynasties, The Wei and Jin Dynasties,the Tang Dynasty and the Yuan,Ming,Qing Dynasties.This thesis has seven parts.The preface includes five aspects,main basis of choosing the study theme,survey of encouraging proses study, aims and meanings of the study, methods and thinking line of the study,the definition of prose etc.Among these facets, the survey part summarizes the proses study from five views,which are the implication of encouraging learning,the connotation of ancient proses ,the genres classification and the periodization of ancient proses.We introduce the survey situation and also propose our own opinions.The first chapter is the pandect of encouraging learning proses in ancient China.It discribes the whole situation of encouraging learning proses from content and form.Then explores two questions about encouraging learning proses,one is the ideological roots,the other is the genre classification.We disscuss the ideological roots in the development order of thoughts of the ancitent philosophers,the Confucianism and the idealist philosophy.The roots mainly lie in the status changes of the Confucianism,the Buddhism and the Taoist.As for the genre of encouraging learning proses,we use the opionions from Yao Nai who is a scholar in Qing Dynasty and classify the proses into thirteen genres,like Disscussion&Argument,Tablet Records,Praising & Blessing,Introductions& Postscript etc.We also analyse them with some good examples in detail.From chapter two to chapter six we disscuss the encouraging learning proses more specificly.Try to draw its development line.Meanwhile disclose its overall features and demonstrate the typical proses and their opinions in every period.Chapter two is all about encouraging learning proses before the Qin Dynasty.First we analyse its production reasons from four aspects, the feudal princes occupancy and social transformation,the emergence of Bachelor Stratum, decline of official schools and rising of private schools,the surge of proses.Then we introduce the overview situation of encouraging learning proses before the Qin Dynasty,including its literatures survey,language features,expression arts,propositons of encouraging learning etc.We especially introduce the typical proses , like‘The Analects of Confucius’,‘The Book of Learning’,‘Encouraging Learning’,try to analyse their propositons and expression arts in the last three sections.Chapter three is about encouraging learning proses in Two Han Dynasties.First we discribe the general development situation of encouraging learning proses in this period.Then introduce some famous people’s proses like Jia Yi,Yang Xiong,Dong Zhongshu,Si Matan and his son,Liu Xiang and his son,Wang Chong,Wang Fu,Xu Gan,Ban Gu,Cai Yiong and so on.We maily analyse their proses from ideas of encouraging learning and expression arts.Chapter four is about encouraging learning proses in Wei and Jin Dynasties.We still use the general-to-specific analysis structure.First we also sumarize the survey of encouraging learning proses during this period.Point out that people take family education very important in this stage.Then introduce some known people’s works,like Ji Kang,Fu Xuan,Ge Hong,Yan Zhitui,Liu Shao,Zhou Xingsi,Liu Zhou etc.We mainly talk about their proses and propositons of encouraging learning.Chapert five is about encouraging learning proses in Tang and Song Dynasties.This is a period of great prosperity for ancient proses.The quantity and quality get highly promoted during this time.There are many reasons that accelerate the development of encouraging learning proses,such as the development of Confucianism,the prospering of schools,the implement of imperial examination,the development of literature etc.All of them make this period become the peak of interpreting the classical literatures of encouraging learning proses.And some practicable literary forms are produced during this stage, like the learning records of state and county.In this chapter we mainly introduce encouraging learning proses which are written by very famous people,such as Wang Tong,Han Yu,Liu Zongyuan,Kong Yinda,Li Ao,Pi Rixiu,Lin Shensi,Zhang Hu,Wang Anshi,Zhang Zai,Cheng Hao,Cheng Yi,Zhu Xi,Yang Shi,Hu Hong,Lu Jiuyuan,Ye Shi,Wang Yinglin and so on.Chapter six is about encouraging learning proses in Yuan , Ming and Qing Dynasties.This period has a longer historical span and it’s in the late of fedual society.So the encouraging learning proses unavoidably decline and die out gradually.During this period,China is separately dominated by minorities. The national contradictions are very acute and China is affected by the western natural and social sciences. The development of encouraging learning proses is not balanced enough during different stages.In this chapter we mainly introduce the proses from scholars whose names are Xu Heng, Cheng Duanli, Wang Shouren, Gu Yanwu, Yan Yuan, Zeng Gguofan, Zhang Zhidong. Wang Xiang, Huang Zongxi, Wang Fuzhi, Wang Yun, Wang Guowei etc.Encouraging learning proses are still developing nowadays just following the wheels of history.It is inherited very well and also innovated very creatively.As a special literature genre, encouraging learning proses are extensive,profound and valuable.It includes the ancient philosophical thoughts,also embodies the development of literature and promotion of history from diverse angles.It inspires the current education immeasurably and encourages Chinese students march on continuously.