| Objectives:1. To explore the effect of the physique of Traditional Chinese Medicine and aging on cognitive processing speed (CPS) of healthy adults.2. To investigate the relationship of CPS and the human brain’s neural response pattern in mild physical healthy young adults by a CPSfMRI paradigm.3. Established the aging changes neural response pattern model of CPS by comparative analysis the neural response pattern in different age groups.Methods:1. The young/middle and older healthy subjects without cognitive dysfunction were recruited to compare the difference of CPS in individuals. The standardization of Traditional physical scale was used to judge the physical features of subjects and the processing speed was test by Digit Symbol Tests(DST) and Trail Making Test A and B(TMT A and B).2. Firstly, the visual and auditory CPSfMRI paradigm was established which included the neural/compatible and incompatible conditions. Then, the data was collected by performing the paradigm in a MRI scanner. After the general linear model was estimated in Statistical Parametric Mapping 8(SPM8), the whole brain analysis was done to explore the different neural response pattern in visual and auditory CPS and the conjuction analysis was done to explore the common neural response pattern between visual and auditory neural response pattern of CPS.3. All subjects in young/middle and older age group were scanned in the CPSfMRI paradigm based on the part two. The difference neural response pattern between the three groups in the processing process of inconsistent with self-regulation(IWSR) and consistent without self-regulation(CWOSR) were analysised by visual and auditory CPS task.Results:1. The effect of the physique of traditional Chinese medicine and aging on cognitive processing speed (CPS) of healthy adults:1.1 The proportion of mild physical was highest in young group and Phlegm-dampness constitution in middle age group and qi insufficiency constitution in older age group.1.2 The CPS results in three groups:The young group have significantly more completed number(CN) than middle age and older age group in DST test(P<0.05). For the TMTA and TMTB test, the young group have the shorter response time than middle and older age groups, and the middle age group have the shorter than older(.P<0.05).1.3 For the young group, the mild physical have significantly more CN than Phlegm-dampness constitution in DST test(P<0.05). The mild physical also showed the faster speed in TMT test(P<0.05, compaired with Phlegm-dampness constitution and Damp-heat constitution). For the middle age group, the mild physical have the fastest speed in the DST and TMT test(P<0.05, compaired with the Phlegm-dampness constitution and Damp-heat constitution). For the TMTB test, there are also significantly difference between the mild physical and qi insufficiency constitution, the mild physical and and qi-stagnation constitution, qi insufficiency constitution and Damp-heat constitution, qi-stagnation constitution and phlegm-dampness constitution(P<0.05). For the older age group, it have showed that the yin deficiency constitution have the faster processing speed than others in DST test and TMT test. There was significant difference between qi insufficiency constitution and phlegm-dampness constitution, qi insufficiency constitution and yin deficiency constitution, qi-stagnation constitution and yin deficiency constitution, damp-heat constitution and yin deficiency constitution, yin deficiency constitution and yang-qi deficiency constitution(P<0.05).2. The study of the cognitive processing speed neural network:2.1 the relationship of CPS and the human brain,s neural response pattern in mild physical healthy young adults by a CPS fMRI paradigm:For the whole brain analysis:2.1.1 In the visual processing speed without self-regulation, the positive significant neural response pattern include:the left middle frontal, the right precentral, the deactivation neural response pattern included left middle occipital, left middle cingulum. bilateral precuneus, left orb middle frontal, left inferior frontal and right hippocampus.2.1.2 For the visual processing speed with self-regulation, the positive significant neural response pattern include:the left middle forntal and right precentral, there are no significant neural response pattern for deactivation neural response pattern.2.1.3 For the auditory processing speed without self-regulation, the positive significant neural response pattern is left support motor area, left inferior parietal, left middle frontal and bilateral cerebellum 8 region, the deactivation neural response pattern included left precuneus, right middle cingulum, right inferior frontal, right middle frontal, right middle occipital.2.1.4 For the auditory processing speed with self-regulation, the positive significant neural response pattern is bilateral middle occipital, right inferior occipital and right middle temporal, there are no significant neural response pattern for deactivation. For the conjuction analysis, the common positive neural response pattern of the visual and auditory in the process without self-regulation was bilateral middle occipital, right inferior occipital and right middle temporal and the deactivation neural response pattern include:right middle occipital and right middle temporal. There are no significant common neural response pattern for visual and auditory in the processing with self-regulation.3. the aging changes neural response pattern model of CPS:3.1 For the behavior results:In the visual neutral and incompatible condition, compaired with the young group, the accuracy was significantly lower and the response time was longer in the middle age group and older age group(.P<0.05). In the auditory neutral condition, the accuracy is lower in the older group(compare with the young group, P<0.05). The young group have showed the higher accuracy and shorter response time(compaired with the middle age group and older age group, P<0.05).3.2 For the neural response pattern results:3.2.1 In the visual without self-regulation cognitive processing, there are no significant positive activation brain area between young group and middle age group, young group and older age group, middle age group and older age group. Significant increases in Bold responses were found in left inferior orbit frontal gyrus between young age group and middle age group.3.2.2 In the visual cognitive processing with self-regulation, the significant increases in Bold responses were found in bilateral precuneus and bilateral superior parietal between older age group and young age group, in the right postcentral, right precuneus, right superior parietal between young group and older group, left precuneus and left calcarine between older group and middle age group. There are no significant positive activation brain area between middle age group and young age group, older age group and young age group, middle age group and older age group.3.2.3 In the auditory without self-regulation cognitive processing, there are no significant positive activation brain area between young age group and middle age group, young age group and older age group, middle age group and older age group. The significant increases in Bold responses between older age group and young age group were found in right middle occipital, right inferior temporal, right middle frontal, left lobule paracentral, left precuneus, right inferior frontal and right inferior frontal. The significant increases in Bold responses between older age group and middle age group include right inferior occipital, right middle occipital, left precuneus, left support motor area, right paracentral lobule and right precuneus. For the auditory with self-regulation cognitive processing, the significant increases in Bold response included the right supramarginal between young and older age group, the middle posterior cingulated gyrus, bilateral precuneus. bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, the right inferior frontal gyrus and right insula between older age group and middle age group. There are no significant positive activation brain area between young group and older group, middle age group and older age group.Conclusion:1. The CPS has a tendency to gradually slow following with age. the CPS is a sensitive indicator for age changes; there are specific physical distribution for the cognitive processing speed of the different CPS in the crowd.2. Deactivation of default network (DMN) mediated by frontal area is related with the visual and auditory task in cognitive processing speed and may be as a model in explaining processing speed.3. There are age-related difference in the neural response pattern for cognitive processing speed. For the cognitive processing without self -regulation, the compensation of the frontal lobe is more apparent in the model of cognitive processing speed changing along with the age, however, for the self-regulation processing, it have showed the advantage of young people and cognitive decline in the elderly for the cognitive processing speed especially in the default model network. |
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