Studies Of The Modulation Technique Of Caragana Korshinskii Silage And The Utilization Of Caragana Korshinskii In Dariy Cows Diet

Caragana korshinskii is supposed to be a profound forage crop which contains substantial nutrient materials. However, some characteristics of raw C. korshinskii material limit its potential feeding value. This paper explored the C. korshinskii silage technology. Based on dairy feeding experiment, we studied the effect of partly substitution of roughage (silage or hay) by C. korshinskii forage (silage or hay) on the performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, serum biochemical indexes, anti-oxidation and immunity of dairy cows, so that contributed to the feed processing technology.Chapter 1:Study on the modulation technique of C. korshinskii SilageExperiment 1:Effect of additives on C. korshinskii silage quality at different growth stages. This experiment was completely random designed. During squaring period, flowering period, fructicative period and post-fruiting vegetative period respectively, we applied corn meal (CM:14%), molasses (M:6%), cellulase (CE:0.10%) on branches and leaves and whole plant of C. korshinskii. The fermentation quality and nutrient contents were determined after 90 days. Results showed that the fermentation quality and nutrient contents both on C. korshinskii leaves and twigs and whole plant silages were extremely significantly affected by growth stage (P＜0.01). pH value went down firstly and increased afterwards with the advancement of reproductive period. The contents of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in leaves and twigs and whole plant silage had the same trends as original in C. korshinskii. Except for post-fruiting vegetative period, dry matter (DM) content increased at all the other growth stages. In terms of the effects of different additives, the pH value, ammonia-N (NH3-N), propionic acid (PA) and butyric acid (BA) contents of treatments decreased extremely significantly at different growth stages compared with control, lactic acid (LA) contents were increased, which improved the silage fermentation quality (P<0.01). Additives decreased the NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of C. korshinskii silage as well. Based on the assessment of above parameters, and adding molasses during flowering period was the best for the silage quality.Experiment 2:Effect of jujune powder on C. korshinskii silage quality. This experiment was completely random designed with C. korshinskii during fructicative period and post-fruiting vegetative period (leaves and twigs, whole plant) as materials, there were 21 treatments including control (CK), corn meal (CM1:8%; CM2:10%; CM3:12%; CM4:14%; CMS:16%), molasses (M1:4%; M2:6%; M3:8%; M4:10%; M4:12%), defective jujube powder (DJ1:6%; DJ2:7%; DJ3:8%; DJ4:9%; DJ5:10%)and Jujube seeds powder (JS1:6%; JS2:7%; JS3:8%; JS4:9%; JS5:10%). The fermentation quality and nutrient contents of treatments were determined after ensiling for 90 days. Results showed that in leaves and twigs silage, the pH value, PA and BA contents of treatments decreased significantly and increased the LA content compared with control (P＜0.01). NH3-N/TN of molasses were extremely higher than that of other treatments, NH3-N/TN content of DJ3 group was extremely significantly lower than that of control, corn meal and molasses treatments (P＜0.01). The contents of acetic acid (AA) had no significant difference between M5, M4 and CK (P>0.05). DM, NDF and water soluable carbohydrate (WSC) contents were extremely significantly affected by additives, addition amounts and their interaction (P＜0.01). CP contents of DJ5 and JS5 were extremely significantly lower than that of CK (P<0.01). The ADF contents of additives treatments decreased significantly compared with control(P＜00.05).In the whole plant silage of C. korshinskii, pH value and NH3-N/TN of defective jujube powder and jujube seeds powder were lower than that of control group. The pH of corn meal were significant higher than of control (P＜0.05). NH3-N/TN contents of molasses were significant higher than that of control (P＜0.05). The organic acid contents were extremely significantly affected by additives, addition amounts and their interaction (P＜0.01). DM and ADF contents had no significantly affected by additives and their addition amounts (P>0.05). CP contents of M5 were extremely significantly higher than that of CK and other additives treatments (P＜0.01). Except CM4 treatment, NDF contents under other treatments showed declining trends compared to control. WSC contents in all the treatments were significantly higher than that of control (P＜0.05).Based on the sensory evaluation and the assessment of above parameters, additives improved the quality of C. korshinskii silage,7% defective jujube powder in leaves and twigs silage and 10% jujube seeds powder in whole plant was the best additive.Chapter 2:Study of the utilization of C. korshinskii in Dariy Cows DietExperiment 3:Effect of C. korshinskii on production performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients in dairy cows and economic profit. Twenty-eight healthy dairy cows, similarly in breeding age, parity, daily milk yield and body conditions, were allocated into 7 groups in a completely random designed with 4 dairy cows for each group. One group as control and the rest 6 groups were randomly separated into 2 sections. In one section, dariy cows were fed with C. korshinskii silage (substitute 30%,45% and 60% of whole-plant corn silage with C. korshinskii silage), in another section, dairy cows were fed with C. korshinskii hay (substitute Medicago sativa L. and Leymus chinensis(Trin.) Tzvel. with C. korshinskii hay) and the application of concentrate for both sections was the same, in 70 days of a feeding trial. Results showed that dry matter intake and milk yield of dairy cows decreased with the increase of Caragana silage substitution ratio, the substitution of 60% whole-plant corn silage with C. korshinskii silage mitigated the decrease of milk yield and meanwhile increased feed conversion efficiency (P>0.05). Milk fat percentage of Ⅴ and Ⅵ groups were extremely significantly higher than that of control (P＜0.01), and milk fat percentage in Ⅰ and Ⅲ groups were significantly higher compared with control (P＜0.05). There were no significant difference in other milk composition parameters between test groups and control (P>0.05).The apparent digestibility of CP, OM, DM, ADF and NDF had no significant difference among treatment groups and also when compare to control group (P>0.05). Except control and Ⅰ group, apparent digestibility of Ca in Ⅵ group was significantly higher than other groups (P＜0.05), apparent digestibility of P in Ⅱ group was extremely significantly lower than those of the III and V groups (P<0.01) and significantly lower than those of IV group (P＜0.05). In terms of feed conversion efficiency and economic profit,60% C. korshinskii silage substituting for whole-plant corn silage was the best.Experiment 4:Effect of C. korshinskii on serum biochemical indexes, antioxidant capacity and immune function in dairy cows. Based on experiment three, the serum biochemical indexes, antioxidant indexes, hormones indexes and immune indexes of dairy cows were determined. Results showed that the total cholesterol (TC) contents of treatments decreased significantly compared with control (P<0.01), but the differences were not significant on other serum biochemical indexes. The HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) contents of group VI was significantly higher than those of control and group Ⅱ (P<0.05). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities of group Ⅵ was significantly higher than those of control, groups I and Ⅳ (P＜0.05).There were no significant differences in the enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum between control and test groups. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in serum of group I was significantly higher than that of the control (P＜0.05). GSH-Px activity in serum of group VI was extremely significantly lower than that of groups Ⅰ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ (P＜0.01), and significantly lower than that of group Ⅱ (P＜0.05). Total antioxidation capability (T-AOC) in serum of group Ⅲ was extremely significantly higher than that of groups Ⅱ and Ⅵ (P<0.01), and significantly higher than that of group Ⅳ (P<0.05). T-AOC in serum of group Ⅵ was significantly lower than that of control and group V (P＜0.05). Malondialdehyde (MDA) content in serum of group VI was extremely significantly higher than that of groups Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ (P<0.01).The interleukin-2 (IL-2) and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) contents in serum had increased trends with C. korshinskii, however, there were no significant differences between control and test groups (P>0.05). The content of growth hormone (GH) in serum of group V was extremely significantly lower than that of groups Ⅰ and Ⅳ (P＜0.01), and group Ⅳwas significantly higher than that of control and group Ⅱ (P＜0.05). The contents of IgA, IgM and IgG in serum showed increasing trends compared to control. The contents of IgA in serum of groups Ⅰ and Ⅲ were significantly higher than that of control (P<0.05). IgG content in serum of group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of control and group Ⅰ (P＜0.05).Under our experimental conditions, based on the assessment of above parameters,60%C. korshinskii silage substituting for whole-plant corn silage was the best.