Study On The History Of Rice Cultivation In Taihu Area During Ming And Qing Dynasties

It has a long history of rice agricultural development in Taihu area, and rice is the main cultivated crop. During Ming and Qing dynasties, the rice agriculture had made considerable progress in the paddy water conservancy, rice germplasm resources, rice production technology, rice economic and rice culture. The development of rice agriculture in Taihu area during Ming and Qing dynasty had promoted the farmland water conservancy construction, and enriched the people’s basic necessities of life content, also the rice agriculture in this area had fine tradition. It is a kind of ecological agriculture that has a benign substance recycle. The rice agriculture in Taihu area during Ming and Qing dynasties is the traditional model of intensive agriculture and has a tremendous impact on future generations of rice agriculture. The ecological value of it has important implication to the development of modern agriculture.Natural environment and socio-economic environment are important factors in development of the Production of rice In Ming and Qing Dynasties of Taihu area. It has superior natural conditions, widespread plains, suitable climate, the water network, suitable for rice growth in Taihu area. Due to differences in micro-environment of the Taihu area, it can be divided into six major agricultural region of the eastern coastal plain area along the Yangtze River, Kosei plain area, Su Xiping original Yang Cheng precipitate the Mao Hudang Plain District, Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou Plain area, Taihu Lake and the lakeside hills. Among them, the eastern coastal plain area along the Yangtze River is rich in calories, adequate light, the soil sandy, loose soil, favorable for cotton growth; Kosei plain area is suitable for medium rice cultivation; Yang Cheng precipitate the Mao Hudang plain area is an important rice-growing regions; Hangjiahu plain area to the rice fields, rice fields in cross-conducive to the overall arrangements for the development of grain Sang; Taihu Lake and the lakeside hills are an important fruit-producing areas.The population and tax impact are the socio-economic factors of the Taihu area of rice development. The pressure of population and tax in the Taihu area of the Ming and Qing dynasties had a profound impact on rice. In addition, the development of commodity economy, urban development, cultural prosperity in Taihu area have a certain influence on rice. The development in the paddy construction, irrigation, rice farm tools, fertilizer, breeding, cultivation technology, outstanding achievement before Ming and Qing dynasties in Ming and Qing Dynasties laid the foundation of the Production of rice in Ming and Qing Dynasties of Taihu area.Paddy water conservancy and land use is the protection of the rice production. In this regard, the Tong Pu polder, Lou Hong Kong polder system are the most characteristic of the Taihu area, also affect the rice production most. In Ming and Qing dynasties, polder system changes mainly reflected in the small polder dike of small dike of paddy field irrigation and drainage construction is to speed up. Rice field irrigation includes water storage for irrigation, involving retention of water proportion and water diversion irrigation cited the lake to irrigate rice fields. Suffering from insufficient water suffering from the dangers of waterlogged, so the construction of drainage works are more in Taihu area. The waterlogging and drainage measures such as construction of diameter Xincheng and the Shore. drainage measures of Yang Yu Wei grading district,"Tithonian "," Ting Tong " and dried up the pool in the winter months ensure the paddy fields of arable in a way. Waterwheel is an important tool in the actual irrigation and drainage, and the collective bucket of water law as "greenhouse car","the official car method","Tap Pool car"’is the main irrigation and drainage way. Rapid population growth in the middle of the Qing Ming and Qing in the Tai Lake region, so the mountain land reclamation developed, such as terracing increased and a lot of studio people empolder mountain in western Zhejiang.Although some arable land has been reclaimed, but it brings soil erosion and serious hazards. To deal with these contradictions, the use of mountain layered.The most significant feature is more of rice varieties and high-quality of rice products in the Taihu area in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Three kinds of Japonica, Indica, Glutinous rice are mainly varieties of the Taihu area, the number of japonica is more than Glutinous rice and Glutinous rice is more than Indica rice. Among them, the late japonica and late Glutinous rice were planted in the Taihu area more widely. Breeding methods are mainly grain selection, ear selection method to select pure color and full of grain do. so that points received, points to Tibet in order to maintain the purity of the varieties mixed, are the traditional selection. In addition, it appears the method of "single subject" to select the system propagation to cultivate rice such as the "imperial rice", and the Government’s encouragement to be planted in Taihu area.Basis on information statistics, there are351varieties of japonica (Indica) rice,180varieties of glutinous rice,72premium varieties in the Ming and Qing Dynasties of Taihu area. As the planting area, rice "green" is mainly in the plain areas,"yellow" species and low-lying areas of "red", planting drought-resistant varieties of rice in a relatively arid region. Specific regional point of view, this paper selects Suzhou, Wu Chang-yuan, Songjiang, Shanghai, Chuansha, Jiangyin Jiaxing, Jiashan, Pinghu, owned by Ann, Wujiang, zhenze such as local history to find the distribution of rice varieties Arrow child rice, Japonica, HL, Reed Flower rice, as early as white rice, late white rice, flash westerly sixty days, the dispute field of wheat, Jincheng rice, aunties japonica, Sansui1000, Lo yellow waxy, suet waxy in time Chen waxy, conceal official waxy in the nineteenth century to the early twentieth century of Taihu area. Rice varieties of Taihu area in the naming, the growth period, plant type, resistance, lodging resistance and other characteristics of its variety of resources have historical value and practical meaning.In Tai Lake region, rice planting experience mainly in land consolidation, seedling transplanting, fertilization, irrigation, Yun Tang with grilled Tian aspects can be summarized as following:First, great importance to cultivating, plowing Chao soil preparation to improve the technology further, site preparation in iron take the widely used; raised seedling specific criteria for remediation of soil rot, such as surface level in the mirror, and as early as in the rice divided due to soaking, germination, uniform seeding; transplanting to be focus on the seedling age and norms of appropriate high density; land with raising combination of a manure reasonable cycle. In this period, types of fertilizer, human and animal feces, green manure, cake, rivers and ponds, mud, ash, integrated system of methods and diverse riding fecal, steaming dung, stuffed dung, simmer fecal method, cook manure law, while emphasis on basal fertilizer and top dressing should see seedlings fertilization; Fourth irrigation focus on the water temperature control, irrigation tools treadmill cattle led waterwheel, wind waterwheel, orange water pulley, etc.; Fifth focus on the role of Yuntian, three Yun Tang to become the universal standard, Yuntian tools include harrow, Yun claw, pull out the horse, swing chest, arm basket; Sixth, with particular emphasis on grilled Tian, roasted Tin should pay attention to the weather, timely reasonable grilled Tian. The universal participation of women in rice cultivation aspects such as the bucket of water, planting, clear in the Ming dynasty, women are gradually withdrawing, this planting structure changes occurred in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The core structure of agriculture changes as the expansion of cash crops and agro-business diversification occur in the Ming and Qing dynasties in Taihu area Economic. Cotton dispute grain, is mainly in Shanghai. Jiading and Taicang, and the formation of the concentration of cotton-growing areas of the Taihu area along the coastal contiguous grown, which Taicang cotton-producing is center. The cotton-growing areas of the Taihu area is to expand the country’s most important cotton-growing areas of Jiangsu, Zhejiang coast. Sang contention paddy is mainly concentrated in the Huzhou Fu, Jiaxing government and the Suzhou government in some areas, in the late Ming apocalypse, from the traditional Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou silk (including the House of Silk Huzhou Fu, Jiaxing, Jiaxing. Zonta Shimen Tongxiang and the Hangzhou government Haining, Yuhang, Linan) outward expansion, and continue until the middle of the Qing. From the late Qing, a greater expansion covering almost on three sides of the region, Taihu Lake, east of north, west and extends the most significant. The expansion of cotton, mulberry makes the paddy area decreased, and the rent conferred under pressure, the Taihu area is to become a food deficit area, the occurrence of the situation of Western food to the East.Around the rice production, rice economy, there is a variety of rice culture in all aspects of rice production in the Taihu area, such as a wide variety of belief in spirits, in the civil specifically presided over the ceremony of rice belief witch. In addition, the rice culture extends to all aspects of people’s lives such as diet, clothing, transportation, residential areas and reflects the rich culture of rice. With the development of commercialization, many parts of the Taihu area has the formation of scale, ranging from rice market, and eventually developed into the rice trade guild. There is the formation of a monopoly position in the rice business between the existence of different faith and complexity of the rice trade business practices.However, since the Republic of China. the production of rice in the Taihu area is to modern agriculture under the impact of mechanization, chemical, irrigation, electrification, the occurrence of a shift. There is sharp decline in rice varieties, some of the traditional farm tools disappear, the traditional rice production technologies such as organic fertilizer plot system gradually replaced inorganic fertilizers, the traditional rice culture marginalized. This phenomenon is particularly apparent in recent decades. As negative effect of contemporary agriculture intensifies, people began to reflect on the agriculture development mode at the expense of the ecological environment and traditional rice cultural heritage, and pay attention to protect and inherit the traditional culture of rice. Take the route of ecological development.