| Agarwood is the highest grade incense, the aroma of incense can make people feel that the whole body relaxed and, reconcile meridian and Qi, with antibacterial and sedative,antispasmodic, analgesic, antispasmodic, antihypertensive pharmacological effects.Agarwoods are mainly used to make incense, making perfume, traditional Chinese medicine and other products. In some parts of China, there were some cigarette consumers use agarwood mixed in cigarette. Not all Aquilaria trees can generate agarwood, only some trees which hurted by natural and artificial means forming resin. Under natural conditions,agarwoods generation cycle is very long, and because of the extensive application and large amount of market demand, the natural incense in the last century, suffered excessive development, is almost extinct. In order to meet the requirements of the market, most areas,including China was beginning to planting Aquilaria trees and artificial inducing agarwood at the end of last century. So far, there are small part of the cultivated agarwood in market, and there will be large-scale cultivated agarwood to enter the market. Due to the short time of forming resin, there are some differences in quality between cultivated agarwood and natural agarwood, so the application in traditional Chinese medicine formula of cultivared agarwood by certain restrictions and its application fields will be found in the production of incense and essential oil. But the characteristics of the application of cultivated agarwood in combustion and essential oil, especially as the application characteristics of incense burning, have not been reported, so in the application of cultivated agarwoods exist many misunderstandings and lack of scientific and systematic data.This paper study on application effects of a cultivated agarwood applied in incense,cigarettes and essential oil, which produced in Guangdong province. First of all, the different of combustion as an incense of this cultivated agarwood and three natural agarwoods were researched, the cytotoxic and genotoxic of aerol of combustion were tested. And then, the application effect of this cultivated agarwood in cigarette has been studied, and the safety of cigarette which with cultivated added were evaluated; finally, the effect of this cultivated agarwood for extracting essential oil was researched, an efficient essential oil extraction process was established, the components and antibacterial properties of essential oil were detected. The results obtained are as follows:1. The main volatile components of burning incense of agarwood was analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The volatile substances fingerprint of cultivated agarwood was similar as three natural agarwoods. A total of 130 kinds of chemicals in thechromatograms was identified by library search, there are 26 kinds of common elements, the total amounts of common elements accounted for more than 65%, mainly for some degradation of sugar, monoterpenes and methoxy phenols, which connected with burning smell and profume when agarwood burning. There are 38 chemicals with aroma in 130 chemicals, accounting for total volatile substances identified were: 65.18%(Xingzhou agarwood), 70.54%(Huian agarwood) and 67.39%(Nha Trang agarwood), 59.17%(Guangdong, cultivated agarwood), on the basis of amount of aroma components, Guangdong cultivated agarwood incense is slightly worse than the other three kinds of natural agarwood incense. The chromenones were preliminary identified according to the literature, the amount of chromenones identified in Guangdong cultivated agarwood incense burning smoke was far less than that of Nha Trang agarwood, but larger than the other two natural agarwoods. The particulate particles of 4 kinds of agarwoods incense burning smoke were detected, the ultra fine particle and fine particle accounted for all the vast majority(more than 99%) by number and by mass, which can enter the human alveolar deposition and cause negative impact on the health, the Guangdong cultivated agarwood incense produced the maximum particle by number and mass at the same time in four kinds of agarwoods. The cytotoxicity of particulate matters produced by four agarwood incenses were detected, the half lethal dose of Guangdong cultivated agarwood was much lower than the other three kinds of natural agarwood incenses.The genotoxicity of particulate matters produced by four kinds of agarwoods incense were detected, the frameshift mutation gene toxicity of Guangdong cultivated agarwood was stronger than the other three natural agarwood incenses, the base substitution mutation gene toxicity was also stronger than the other three natural agarwood incenses in the absence of metabolic activation system activation, but activated by metabolic activation system, there is no base substitution mutation gene toxicity. The genotoxic caused by oxidized mutagens of Guangdong cultivated agarwood was the minimum in four kinds of agarwood incenses in the absence of metabolic activation system activation, but once after the activation of metabolic activation system, the situation is reversed. From the above results, the toxicity of particulate matters produced by Guangdong cultivated agarwood was stonger than other three kinds of natural agarwood incenses.The results reveal the fingerprint of the volatile substances produced by Guangdong cultivated agarwood incense was similar as natural agarwoods, although the amount of aroma chemicals was slightly smaller than the natural agarwoods, but the amount of chromenones was higher than two of three natural agarwoods, the toxicity of smoke produced by Guangdong cultivated agarwood incense burning was greater than the natural agarwoodinceses burning, these conclusion gave the objective evaluation of the application of the cultivated agarwood used as incense, to guide the cultivated agarwood used as burning incense products in reasonable application, on the other hand, gave the scientific evaluation of the security about the cultivated agarwood used as burning incense, to correct the misunderstanding of the consumer about the burning incense, and guide consumers to the proper use of the incense.2. The effects of the Guangdong cultivated agarwood used in cigarettes were studied.The changes of volatile components in mainstream cigarette smoke particulate matters were detected by GC-MS results in the addition of the cultivated agarwood, the result was shown,the amounts of sugar pyrolysis chemicals such as furfural, 5-methylfurfural,2,5-furandicarboxaldehyde, 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro-α-d-glucopyranose which have sweet aroma increased significantly with the increase of agarwood addited amounts, but at the same time,the amounts of chemicals with tobacco characteristic flavor such as limonene,megastigmatrienone decreased significantly with increasing addition of agarwood, there are11 kinds of harmful substances decreased with the addition of agarwood increased, but there are also 5 harmful substances increased with the addition of agarwood. Form the results of consumer survey about cigarette with different concentrations of added amount of agarwood,we found that the agarwood adding amount for 0.01g/cig and 0.02g/cig of the cigarette were more popular, these two kinds cigarettes increase the sweet aroma on the basis of the original tobacco characteristic flavor, and does not destroy the coordination of cigarettes, with the more increasing amount of agarwood, the original incense smoke coordination was destroied and the new irritating odor was introduced. The results of cytotoxicity test show that, in low dosage, agarwood addition will significantly reduce the cytotoxicity of cigarette mainstream smoke, but with the increasing addition of agarwood, the effect of reduction become weak,entill the adding amount rose to 0.05g/cig, will increase the cytotoxicity of cigarette. The results of genotoxicity test showed that adding agarwood in cigarette without any positive or negative effect.The results show that cultivates agarwood has positive impact in sensory quality and safety on cigarette, when added in small amounts, but increase the amount of addition, this positive influence weakened, and even have a certain negative impact. This result has the warning effect on the behavior of consumer about adding agarwood to the cigarette, on the other hand, give some ideas for expand the application of cultivated agarwood and new low harm cigarette.3. The effect of extraction of essential oil from Guangdong cultivated agarwood wasstudied, an efficient supercritical CO2 fluid extraction process was established, and the effective components and the antibacterial activity of the essential oil was detected. The supercritical extraction process parameters were optimized using response surface methodology: the soaking time was 83 h, the extraction pressure was 28 Mpa, the extraction temperature was 46℃, the solid to liquid ratio was 1:1.2, the extraction time was 2h, under the above conditions, the agarwood essential oil extraction rate was 1.89%, was far higher than other reports in the literature. The volatile constituents of the essential oil extracted from cultivated agarwood were detected, the sesquiterpenes accounted for 8.27% of total volatile substances, the chromenones accounted for 71.34% of total amount of volatile material, the chromenones and sesquiterpenes accounted for 79.61% of total volatile substances. There were no toxic and hazardous substances in identified substances. The antimicrobial properties of essential oils obtained were studied, the results showed that the essential oil has inhibition and killing effect on Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus sojae,the cultivated agarwood essential oil show its broad-spectrum antibacterial properties and its antibacterial properties is higher than that of the previous reports in the literature of cultivated agarwood essential oil.The results show that the yied of using super critical CO2 fluid extraction technology extracted essential oil from Guangdong cultivated agarwood was high and the esstial oil obtained has good antibacterial activity, does not contain any toxic ingredients. the application of cultivated agarwood in the essential oil market prospects good. In addition, the supercritical CO2 fluid extraction process is established, and it provides a way of thinking for the establishment of efficient, safty, and no side effects of industrial essential oil extraction process.From all the findings of this paper, the application of cultivated agarwoods in burning incense products, although the effect close to the natural agarwoods, but have certain restrictions in terms of safety, the application of cultivated agarwoods in the cigarette industry need to pay attention to the reasonable adding amounts, the application in essential oil is best. |
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