Research On Sustainable Agricultural Development Of Northeast Black Soil Zone

Path of sustainable development is the strategic choice of China's agricultural and rural economic development, but also the fundamental approach for solving the"farmers, rural areas, agriculture production"issue. Sustainable agriculture as a basic component of China's sustainable development has been included in the"China Agenda 21". As a new idea, models and guidelines, China's agriculture and sustainable rural development (SARD) has already attracted attention of researchers of domestic agriculture, economics and geography. Thus, as the main theme of the current agricultural economy, the sustainable development of agriculture of northeast black soil zone (NBSZ) appeared more important to major grain-producing areas. It is a unique natural treasure of mankind in northeast black soil zone, it gets loose black soil and rich in organic matter content. Black soil zone of China northeast is one of the world's three major black soil zones, and located Songliao basin in the northeast mainland of China. It is an important base of commodity grain production, and is also an important component of the system of China's food security. But the idea of sustainable development of agriculture is not a good implementation of the agricultural economy in the major grain-producing areas, and sustainable agriculture in the development process there are still many problems. In the context of agriculture with Chinese characteristics, to explore the road of sustainable development in agriculture in the black soil area has far-reaching theoretical and practical significance for agricultural long-term, stable development and grain production to ensure national security.Agricultural production of NBSZ has got an important position, total grain output of the district up to 78.102 billion kilograms (1998 statistics), which accounted for the national soybean yield of 37% and of total corn production accounted for 53% of national total . It produced about 42.455 billion kilograms of commodity grain, and was known as"North Wharf". It is China's important base for grain production and commodity, so the agricultural production of black soil areas directly impact on the national economic development and social stability. The sustainable development of NBSZ is an important guarantee for the strategy of food supplies security as"storing food in the soil". In this paper, through the analysis of the situation of grain production, grain production status, the status of NBSZ in domestic grain market, as well as in the area of money crops, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries and other specific data, to understand the important position of agricultural production in NBSZ. NBSZ gets the special geographical location of the fertile land and rich resources, to establish the foundation of sustainable development of agriculture. The author states the restrict factor and the measure of reform, according to the sustainable factor and the practical situation. It mainly includes the following respects:Firstly, the erosion of soil is serious. Due to natural factors and human predatory development, NBSZ gets serious soil erosion and deterioration of ecological environment. The total area of NBSZ is 1.03 million square kilometers, the existing 275,900 square kilometer area of soil erosion, accounting for 27% of a total area. According to the survey, the average annual loss of black soil is around 0.3 to 1 centimeters. As a result of serious erosion dozens of years, the black soil was thick up to now only 20 to 30 centimeters, in some places it even appears the parent material, losing basic production capacity. If treatment is not put into effect timely, it will be a serious hazard to the regional ecological environment and sustainable economic development.Secondly, there are too many rural populations who get few educations. Most regions of NBSZ take the small-scale peasant economy as basic structure with family as the production units, so it has a natural impulse of the expansion of population capacity. The past 50 years, the population of NBSZ increases nearly 3 times. the original population was sparse before, but now the growth achieve the five or six times and some area about 10 times. Conditions with the small-scale peasant economy, input of labor of low quality is the main means of production. In rural areas, there are ideas of"bring up their children for old age"and"men are superior to women", as well as the distribution of rural land and so on implies the population growth stimulation power, the supplies of labor are surplus. As a result of inadequate investment in education, the low level in education, scientific and cultural quality, the lack of skilled high-tech human resources, which contributed to the lack of quality of agricultural micro-main and can not adapt to the needs of the sustainable development of agriculture.Thirdly, investment of capital is shortage. NBSZ is a typical area based on agricultural production, and it is the country's largest commodity grain production areas. Before reform and opening-up, agriculture has been repeated at a low stage. Although grain output is larger, agricultural population is excessive, and the rate of agricultural accumulation is too low, most farmers more productive labor is simple, (rain-fed agriculture, by-day meal) and more by the financial eat, a serious shortage of agricultural inputs in rural areas poor infrastructure. After reform and opening-up, which rely on agricultural production of food, the state finance for investment in agriculture and the total amount of land is rising, but the proportion of total fiscal expenditure on the decline. According to Cobb-Douglas production function, the output level of the agricultural economy depends primarily on agricultural input of capital, labor and other production factors. The capital gap result to two consequences: first, pre-input sustainable agricultural projects to start slowly, and with the result that a number of market prospects, high-tech projects difficult to mount, with the result that some projects ran aground in the embarrassing position; Second, the agricultural infrastructure is not to the improvement of the investment in fixed assets less than productive. In addition, the risk of agricultural production, and long lags behind technological advances, coupled with China's low cost and long standing policy of acquisition of agricultural and sideline products, intensified agricultural workers"scissors", resulting in lower comparative advantage in agriculture. In the market economy, investment in the main to an inevitable choice for the interests of their own high rate of return on investment industries. As the market and the development of capital from the sector is inefficient and efficient flow of the sector, agriculture as a weak industry needing to be protected has much lower rate of return on capital than the social rate of return on average capital .At rate of agricultural protection in the case of high, agriculture will not be able to inhalation of social capital, which constrains the sustainable development of agriculture.Fourthly, the technological agriculture is backward. With modern agricultural development, the agricultural mode of NBSZ is changing from extensive to intensive and it needs support of technology. The technical level of farmers and the ability of use and master technology objectively restrict the process of agricultural production of agricultural technology absorption and digestion, and control of agricultural production and the extent of the demand for technology. Therefore, science and technology in agricultural development become more and more important. With the continuous development of science and technology, the capacity of NBSZ improved technology, but there are still many deficiencies: inadequate funding, inadequate extension system, results in line with the market needs. At the same time, the agricultural production of NBSZ is traditional intensive agriculture with low degree of specialization, and the small-scale agricultural operation is not conductive to use of the effect of scientific and technological achievements. Small-scale farmers have a traditional peasant mentality. For small-scale peasant economy, the standard of agricultural science and technology is their own experience. Therefore, the farmers often blindly simplified the agricultural science and technology of the considerable increasing production and increasing the effectiveness based on existing experience and practical criteria, thereby reducing the effectiveness of technology. In addition, due to the rapid development of the new technological revolution, rapid renewal of knowledge, the guidance of agricultural science and technology were also faced with the theory of basic industries to strengthen and update the knowledge structure of the economy.In the above theoretic states on the factors of sustainable development, the author makes the analysis on the sustainable development in NBSZ, base on a great quantity data. According to the county field analysis of NBSZ in Jilin province and Heilongjiang province, we see that the base factor is protecting and managing local water and soil resources, to realize the agriculture sustainable development in NBSZ, ensuring the sustainability of black soil. Increasing the capital supply to the black soil zone, it will establish the foundation for enhance of the administration and output. In addition, even if the exterior environment do not change, to realize the agriculture sustainable development, through elevation of human resource education level, adjust of agriculture production structure, application of technology factor in agriculture production, and so on, these methods could be used. On a short view, the prospect of agriculture sustainable development is optimistic.In view of the above mentioned elements of analysis, this paper argues that the models of sustainable development of NBSZ should be taking the path of eco-agriculture. With its fertile soil, favorable climatic conditions, a variety of biological environment and a strong agricultural science and technology conditions, NBSZ has become a very important area of agricultural production. Eco-agriculture is the combination of traditional agriculture and modern agriculture. It absorbs the successful experiences in agricultural production and set up by the application of modern agricultural science and technology development. It is not a simple return to traditional agriculture. It takes farming, aquaculture, and reasonable distribution of industry into the"big agriculture"development model and is necessary for the construction of modern agriculture. As the concept of sustainable development of agriculture emphasize harmony between mankind and nature, coordination, maintenance of the balance system. The specific operational requires to take high-yield, high-quality, high-performance for the principles or objectives, and search for agricultural the optimal relationship between biotechnology and environment, to manage and protect the natural resource-based, and adjust the direction of technical and institutional reform to improve agricultural productivity, stability and continuity so as to ensure that the current generations and future generations to meet the needs to be sustained. The ecological agriculture of NBSZ focuses on the optimum of system components and system level co-ordination and the stability of the system. With ecological and social benefits of learning from the best of traditional farming techniques at the same time, it make full use of all agricultural production to develop new technologies and new ways to improve the agricultural eco-economic, to achieve sustainable agricultural development in black soil areas.