Influence Of Employment Mode Change Of Rural Women On Rural Development

With the increasing development of rural labor market, the simple, non-flowing and agriculture-centered natural rural labor employment mode is taking place by plural employment modes, which results in change of employment modes of rural women and the formation of new employment modes of rural women under marketing economy. During the change, women's status in both society and family vary greatly. The paper, firstly, began with the three stages of rural labor employment modes—natural employment modes, employment modes under planned economy system, and employment modes under marketing economy system, and their background and characteristics, gave clear definition of change of employment modes of rural women labor and its stages. The change of employment modes of rural women in the paper refers to the transition in which women do not simply engage in such works they do under natural employment as giving birth to baby, raising children and doing heavy house work, but undertake more works under marketing economy system. Under the new employments, two characteristics shows: one characteristics is that the young women with relatively higher education are employed non-agriculturally; the other is the comparatively old women with lower education stay in the countryside and do more agricultural production and housework, and in certain area the kind of women are the main labor force in agricultural industry. The paper, exploiting the rural household tracking survey data from 2000 to 2004, empirically analyzed the influence of change of rural women's employment modes on agriculture production and rural development.Firstly, the paper statistically analyzed the development trend of new employment mode of rural women and came to the following conclusion: with the social and economic development, there is great gap between the nonagricultural migration of rural male labor force and that of rural female labor force, though the migration of rural female labor force has greatly developed.Secondly, using comparison analysis methods and fixed effect analysis method with time, the paper analyzed the factors influencing the rural women's non-agricultural employment and came to the following conclusions: there is a close connection between the opportunities of non-agricultural employment of rural women and their education levels; professional skill training in some degree can make up for the deficiency of regular education; age is another significant factor affecting rural women's employment; preschool children in a household will have certain effect on mothers' employment; at-school children in certain degree hasten mothers' non-agricultural employment, and the influence is more remarkable in a family with over-15-year- old children who study in senior high school or in colleges than in a family with 7-to- 15-year-old students.Thirdly, after comparing and analyzing the differences of three household types (the first type is male labor engaging in agricultural industry; the second is male labor engaging in the second and third industry and male labor in agricultural industry; the third is the male labor outside employed and male labor in agricultural industry.) in agricultural production structure, application of agricultural product technology, agricultural production management and agricultural income, the paper analyzed the influence of femalization on agricultural production. The conclusions are as follows: the engagement of rural male labor force in agricultural production is more favorable for the development of agricultural production than that of women's participation in agricultural production; there exists differences between the engagement of rural male labor force in agricultural production and women's engagement in it and the differences include production strategic decision and the receptivity fro new technology and new information; the separation between right of agricultural production strategic decision and the managing right turns against the development of agricultural production. According to the experience of advanced countries, the first group who leave the countryside should be the weak in agricultural production and rural economical activities, for they hold no advantages in rural economy and have to have a foothold. At same time, those the strong in rural economical activities like "planting talents" should stay at countryside and gradually are the main part in agricultural scale management and rural economic development. Agricultural femalization is a unique phenomenon of the allocation of labor force under the special system circumstances of China's labor market and it's really hard to change the situation in short run. China's agricultural modernization and rural development can not be based on the agricultural femalization in the long run. With the carry out of urbanization, agricultural scale management and the modern household farm with both male and female engagement in production is a trend. Seeing the present situation, it's urgent to promote rural women's technology levels and intellectual quality by education and professional training in order to make the women qualified for agricultural production and contribute more to agricultural industrialization.Fourthly, by comparing the relationship between rural women in agriculture and non-agriculture and the education levels and professional skill training, the paper analyzed the influence of non-agricultural migration of rural women on rural women's self education. The conclusions are as follows: the non-agricultural migration can promote the enthusiasm of rural women for professional skill training and raise their education levels. Non-agricultural employment produces eternal demand of rural women for education and makes them willing to take part in diverse vocation education to increase competitive strength. During the process, the whole education of rural women are advanced.Fifthly, by the empirical study of influential factors of household investment in children's education, the paper found: with the perfection of labor market, the factors influencing the household education investment change greatly: the non-agricultural migration of rural women plays more and more important part in children's education investment; the non-agricultural migration and rural education development influence mutually. Therefore, speeding up the non-agricultural migration of rural women is not only beneficial for the transition of women's status, but also good for the women's knowledge for the importance of education and thus rural women raise the investment in children's education. Therefore, the significance of non-agricultural migration of rural women means more than their own development: it holds great importance of the development of their later generation and thecountryside future.Finally, based on the analysis of the characteristics of outside employed rural women, the paper, from two aspects, investigated the influence of women's wage income on household income. One is the difference of per household net income between the households with or without outside employed women; the other is the influence of outside employed women's income on household in come in a household with non-agricultural employment women. The further econometric analysis showed: in all the households, the wage income of outside employed women have no remarkable effect on household income, but given only the household with women working outside, the influence is remarkable. The result shows that although the women outside employed can increase the household income, the women's wages are not the key factors deciding the final home income, let alone raise the household income level and change the family's fate. Meanwhile, in all households, the influence of women's wage on home income is not significant, it does not simply means that the rural women's non-agricultural migration is of no importance; in contrast, in the households with outside work women, the influence is rather important, which illustrates that the potential of women's non-agricultural migration is not fully used. Poorer skill and lower quality restrain the women's outside employment, make them do only odd jobs and deprive the rural women's work opportunities to non-agricultural industry. It's a key issue to change the reality—women's lower employment levels and unstable income.Based the above empirical analysis, the paper suggest that the long run strategy of rural women employment is to move away from agriculture and realize non-agricultural employment. In order to solve the present situation, the paper put forward some countermeasures to "agricultural femalization" and to speed up the non-agricultural migration of rural women.