Research On The Transfer And Employment Of Rural Female Labor Force

With the improvement of agricultural productivity and consciousness of female, more and more rural female labor force shift from the agricultural sector to non-agricultural sectors, some of them who are younger and skilled flow to the city. The transfer and employment of rural female labor force is playing an important role not only to their economic status and social status, but also to the improvement of household income and the development of all undertakings in rural areas. Therefore, in-depth analysis of the rural female labor force is of important realistic significance.This study firstly relates to theoretical analysis and description of the status quo."Todaro Rural-Urban Migration Model" makes a useful reference suggestion to develop rural non-agricultural sector's employment absorbency; Female employment theory of motivation and occupational-income theory of gender differences provides a strong theoretical support for the empirical part of this study; The concept of "Gender" brought forward by feminism provides a new perspective for this study. And it is found that China's current labor market is a "dual three-tier structure". As for the rural labor force, they face two main non-agricultral sectors: rural non-agricultral sectors and the urban sectors. Urban informal sectors are difficult for the rural labor force to access. The study also shows that rural male labor force usually has higher transfer rate and work in formal sectors compared with rural female labor force.Then, Based on theoretical analysis and description of the status quo, centering on the topic of "transfer and employment of rural female labor force", this study attempts to answer the following questions: l.What are the ways of the transfer of rural female labor force? Which factors impact their choice of various ways? Which choice is optimal? How to increase their transfer rate? 2. What are main factors to decide the rural female labor force's employment forms? How to improve their employmentforms? 3. How should we do to develop the township enterprises' employment absorbency, especially to promote the absorbency of rural female labor force? After answering each of the above issues, this study suggests corresponding policy recommendations to improve the transfer and employment of rural female labor force.To address the low transfer rate of rural female labor force, this study makes an empirical analysis of the factors affecting the transfer ways of them. Based on the survey in the southern Jiangsu, the middle Jiangsu, and the northern Jiangsu, the results shows that the transfer of rural married female labor force is affected by the following factors:First, individual difference embodied by age, education and skill makes different employment behavior: growing age reduces the growth of transfer and employment of married female, especially on outgoing employment opportunities; well-educated female usually occupy better jobs in local non-agricultural sectors.Second, household labor would weaken the labor market supply of married female. They tend to choose a "two-to-win" way of employment: not only to take care of the family but also to engage in non-agricultural employment. If "two-to-win" way could not be achieved, staying at home, bearing farming, caring for the elderly, educating their children and other family division of labor would be their first choice. This result shows that the traditional family division is also exist in the labour market. In addition, spouse employment form affects the transfer of married female labor force in the rural areas to a certain extent; a woman whose spouse is in non-agricultural sectors has more opportunities than those whose spouse in agricultural sector.Third, compared to the advanced economy like southern Jiangsu and middle Jiangsu, the non-agricultural sectors in rural areas in northern Jiangsu have less employment absorbency. The main way for local female labor force to transfer and employment is outgoing, but high costs for outgoing just keep them staying at home, and engaging in agricultural production or handling household chores.To address the rural female labor force employment form which is poorer, circled the core concept "gender difference", this study selects the foreign rural labor force in Nanjing as an object of study on the impact of the main factors on employment form of them. The result shows that personal characteristic variables and family characteristic variables affect employment form choices of the rural male and female differently. As the other variables remain average, the possibility of male labor force engaging in informal employment is 71.34% lower than that of female; Individual rural labor force's age, skills, employment channels and family variables such as the dependency ratio affects their informal employment form choice in the city, and the result shows significant gender differences. The results also show that, compared with the male labor force, female in rural are more vulnerable to the impact of family when choosing their work, so they tend to choose an unstable income but more flexible working hours work which is usually not a formal work, and this choice would enable them to take into account the education of their children and housework. Secondly, the rural female in the city obtain lower wage than rural male.Finally, the development of township enterprises is of great significance for rural female labor force. It shows that the employment absorbency of collective enterprises is constantly declining, but that of the private sectors and individual enterprises is rising. In addition, agricultural sector tends to employ at a lower level of absorbency, while absorbency of industrial enterprises employing is stagnated, and the employment absorbency of other industries and enterprises is growing.Based on above conclusions, this study gives the following policy suggestions:1. Enhance rural female's personal qualities; reform the traditional family division of labor.Two measures should be adopted to enhance rural female's personal qualities, including improving their cultural quality and working skills. To achieve these goals, government should vigorously strengthen their basic education and targeted skills training in rural areas. On the one hand, these measures will not only increase the rural labor force, especially increase the young labor force to outgoing employment, but also speed up the local rural non-agricultural sector's development; On the other hand, the advancement of rural female's personal qualities will also expand the scope of their career options, upgrade their employment level and improve their employment form.In addition, the study shows that the traditional gender norms of the society hinder the transfer of the rural female. Therefore, it is necessary to gradually reform the traditional family division of labor, properly reduce female's burden in rural areas, and promote the efficiency of transferring rural female labor force.2. Strengthen the employment absorbency of township enterprises for the female labor forceTraditionally female's main responsibility is housework, child-rearing and caring for the elderly, it is more prevalent in rural areas, especially in the underdevelopment rural areas. Only a few young and educated female have the qualification to occupy better jobs in countryside, the vast majority are relatively older, no skills and unable to shoulder the costs for outgoing. Based on this, the less developed rural areas should strengthen the employment absorbency, and quicken the development of private and individual enterprises such as service industries. Moreover, more flexible sectors for the elderly and those who burden heavier housework should be developed either.3. Promote family migration and alleviate rural women's worries after their transferringAs for the rural married female labor force, whose husband has non-agricultural job will promote her transfer and employment, particularly outgoing employment. But if the family has pre-school children, or a heavier burden of housework, they usually give up employment opportunities on passive. In such circumstances, if the local non-agricultural sectors' employment absorbency is inadequate, their only choice is to undertake household chores.However, the family migration prevents the difficult choices between transfer and employment and domestic work. For the female whose family has been migrated, her costs of employment will be reduced and her job will be relatively stable.Therefore, we should seek to eliminate a lot of obstacles the rural population migration facing to, and ensure that their employment, education, medical care, and other aspects equality, so as to promote the family migration of rural labor force, in particular the transfer and employment of the rural female labor force.4. Implement "Gender Plan" to achieve gender equalityResearch shows that the rural female labor force is not given the equal opportunities with male both in the transfer, career choices and income .This is because traditionally female usually bear all the care and training related work, This lead to the majority of the rural female labor force employment concentrating in certain occupations, such as catering services, hand-made, such as nannies. "Gender Plan" will help to improve the gender of the subordinate status of female, and ultimately achieve gender equality.The "Gender Plan" needs to be achieved by political interference .What the government should do is to bring education, employment, land, and social security policies into the development of gender awareness, so as to achieve gender equality and empowerment.Overall, this study is different from the past studies based on the "heterogeneous sex" perspective. This study takes full account into the "gender difference". In view of the disadvantaged status of female labor force of transfer and employment, it is of great practical significance to select "female" as the object of study. At the same time, this study is not only on female themselves to study, but also takes male as a comparison, this will enable more convincing conclusion. In addition, the involving of "gender" concept also makes more in-depth analysis, so as to make more effective policy recommendations.