The Research Of Global Public Goods

Globalization once was called "one severely-abused word in the 21st century" by the famous magazine the Economist. Moreover, people discover that nowadays no word like globalization has so many different meanings in different people's mind. Many people, who illuminate globalization as the mainstream of human history, think that globalization henceforth will lead the humankind to a new era, which is peaceful and prosperous. However, there are some people who regard globalization as one kind of new disorder and confusion. Globalization as well as the following global issues has indeed initiated the campaign of counter-globalization worldwidely. What's the reason for that? The academic circle has already carried on many researches to decode this riddle in depth. This dissertation, starting from the relevancy between globalization and global public goods, attempts to analyze the dialectical relations of them. The author believes that the reason why the counter-globalization movement appeared in the worldwide scale is that demands for global public goods are excessive due to the rapid development of globalization, but supplies are seriously insufficient.Global public goods is a new concept appeared in the mid-1990s. Literally, it means the extension of public goods to the world. However, compared with the supplies of public goods in sovereign state, the supplies of global public goods under anarchy are very difficult. Therefore, this dissertation will embark from the perspective of the supplies of global public goods, trying to carry on discussions from the following several aspects: using the theory of international cooperation to illuminate how to realize the cooperation supplies of global public goods in the world; using the theory of incentive mechanism from economics and management science to analyze how to set up the incentive mechanism and the management-surveillance incentive mechanism of the supplies of global public goods under anarchy; using the neo-public finance theory to analyze how to construct the financing mechanism of the supplies of global public goods under the condition of non-compulsory taxation system.The artificial construction of "publicness" has decided the logical deduction from public goods to global public goods. The dilemma of collective action in the public goods supplies is also available to the global public goods supplies, and displays even more prominently. Therefore, it is necessary to carry on the international cooperation on the global public goods supplies. After the confirmation of the international cooperation of global public goods supplies through the formulation of the international agreement (system), whether does its following executive routine continue smoothly? This dissertation puts forwards that it is need to establish the incentive of international cooperation for consolidation, and this mechanism needs the safeguard of finance through the financing mechanism. Based on the above logical system, this article consists of introduction, main body (five chapters) and conclusion.The introduction first elaborates the mutual restriction relations between globalization and global public goods, and then elaborates several questions of cross-correlation: globalization urges the extension of the publicness, causing the public goods to extend to the whole world and becoming global public goods; the progress of global interdependence restricts global public goods supplies, and vice versa. The above process is also the shift one from advanced politics to lowering politics.The first chapter mainly describes the characteristics of the theory of public goods from aspect of historical development of public goods, then infers the meaning and the characteristics of the global public goods, and according to the degree of the non-competitiveness and the non-exclusive, the extent of the artificial construction of publicness, the cycling phase of manufacturing, and the public triangle structure to classify global public goods.The second chapter, first through the analysis of the dilemma of collective action of the supplies on public goods, points out that the difficulty of public goods supplies is more prominent in the global domain. The second section has carried on the elaboration of the main body of the supplies of global public goods—sovereign state, intergovernmental organization, non-governmental organization as well as personal and multinational corporation, and makes a conclusion: global public goods supplies need the cooperation among diversified bodies. The third section analyzes the present situation of the global public goods supplies, and thinks that there are two kinds of situations as the insufficiency of supplies and incomplete use in the global public goods and the insufficiency of supplies is the main manifestation. Meanwhile, using the analysis method of the individual investment and the goods, divides the forms of the global public goods supplies into the summation technology, the best shot technology and the weakest link technology. And the summation public goods is the most easy to the dilemma of collective action and the free-ride problem. The first section in the third chapter from the angle of international cooperation and the national interest draws the conclusion that the public goods supplies of the country as the individual unit basing on the role hypothesis of the individual "the economic man", is according to the country's national interest to carry on the international cooperation. The second section divides the global public goods supplies into two parts: the political decision-making and the produce (financing, management). Through the analysis the dissertation believes that any parts of global public goods supplies is very complex, and sometimes with difficulty in the international cooperation. Section three, according to the active degree of the country in the development of cooperation, divides the global public goods's international cooperation into export-oriented cooperation, internally oriented cooperation, intergovernmental joint produce and network type cooperation.The fourth chapter mainly uses the economic and the management science incentive mechanism theory to prove the important meaning of establishing the global public goods supplies incentive mechanism strategy, and puts forward some proposals to the incentive mechanism measure. Section one and section two believe that the global public goods supplies and the global public goods incentive aspect are two inalienable questions, but in the process we must pay attention to the interest oriented and the supervision management. The third section thinks that the main strategies to establish the incentive mechanism of the global public goods supplies are: establishing the incentive of the reciprocal benefit among the global public goods suppliers, the incentive for participating and observing the international agreement, setting up the incentive of trade linkage for certain global public goods produce. Making the unification standards pattern drive and the international society public opinion drive for certain global public produce. The fourth section advances that the success of "Montreal Protocol" is because of the low protocol's cost in the incentive mechanism aspect, the complete incentive mechanism, and the great nation to be quite consistent in the step of collective actions. Section five believes that there three ways to establish the management surveillance incentive mechanism of the global public goods supplies. Those are to establish implementation council, to establish the global public policy partnerships, to establish CEO system.Chapter five mainly analyzes the financing problem on how to solve the supplies of global public goods by neo-public finance theory. Section one mainly talks about the evolution how the theory of public finance in the field of public economics change into the new theory of public finance in the global framework .Under the new public finance theory, as a form of subsidiary areas of public finance, absorbs economics theory of public finance model . New public finance theory has broadened the traditional public finance theory which took the state and single economy as the center, covering all aspects of international and domestic challenges of globalization. It is the new public finance theory about how the Government will lead the public and private financing of public policy challenges of globalization independently, collectively.Section two defines the meaning of global public goods finance, analyzes its principles and structure. The analysis views that the global public goods structure of the finance consists of the state finance and international cooperation finance. National finance is the major source of global public goods and the international cooperation finance is an indispensable part of global public goods. At present, the financing channels of international cooperation: the international financial incentives, official development assistance, special drawing rights, intergovernmental agencies, such as fees assessed.Section three mainly proposes two pieces of advice on how to make global public goods financing better. First, development for financing must increase foreign aid intensity from developed countries and reduce debt from Heavily Indebted Poor Countries; second, the Foreign aid from developed countries should increase the absolute value of the amount of assistance to the absolute, optimize the regional structure of foreign aid, change the means of assistance from the loans to grants. In addition, relieving the international debt of heavily indebted poor countries can improve the climate for private investment, increase the budget amount to develop the HIPC domestic economic.Section four is a case analysis on the feasibility of the current international aviation tax. The Analysis views that getting the international aviation tax has less levy resistance compared to other international taxation proposals (carbon tax, the Tobin tax). Moreover, the international aviation tax has begun to be implemented in many countries, the tax levy is used for the global poverty alleviation, the development of this process will be a good prospect.Closing part has given a prospect of the view of the new concept of the theoretical study of global public goods. We think that the global public goods theory is in a stage of exploration, it is needed to analyze its demand, supply, produce, etc; it is needed to analyze the role of the new theory of public finance in the financing of global public goods and further analysis and discussion for global public goods in incentive mechanisms.