| Golgi has ever said that poverty is the root of all misfortunate in human life.Poverty is a world-wide problem in developing countries. Eliminating and alleviating poverty, and promoting all-round development, progress and prosperity of human society are not only a common pursuit of international society but an unshirkable historical mission of Chinese Communist Party and governments at various levels. Since the reform and opening to the outside world in 1978, especially since the enforcement of the Seven-Year Priority Poverty Alleviation Program, rural poverty has explicitly been alleviated; the number of poverty-stricken people has been greatly reduced; the impoverishment rate has decreased from 30.7 percent in 1978 to about 3 percent in 2000 and the problem that poverty-stricken people in rural areas have enough to eat and wear has basically been resolved, yet there are 28million people in rural areas who are not shaken off poverty. These areas are remote and inaccessible areas with poor natural resources, worse ecological environment, backward cultural education and slow economic development, and people there are in low quality, which enable the elimination of poverty to become more and more difficult.China is a big agricultural country and a big country with rural population occupying 80 percent of the total population, so to speak, without rural modernization, the whole nation cannot be modernized; without peasants' comfortable level of living, the whole country cannot be well-off. Only when rural areas are stable, the whole country will be stable; and only when peasants are rich, the whole country will be prosperous. In the time of democratic revolution, the problem of the peasants was the problem of land, namely, reforming implausible feudal land system and arousing the enthusiasm of the peasants, then in the age of socialist construction, the problem of the peasants is mainly to develop productivity and realize common prosperity of the peasants. Comrade Deng Xiaoping has ever said: "Poverty is not socialism; socialism must eliminate poverty". What Chinese Communist Party has struggled and has pursued are to eliminate poverty and enable Chinese people to lead a democratic, civilized, prosperous and happy life. At present, with the deep development of all-round construction of a well-off society, and with socialist new rural construction being in full swing, the problem of poverty has gradually become an obstacle to modernization of our country. Therefore, eliminating poverty and realizing social fairness and justice have already been the core goals and strategic demands of our country's development. Paying close attention to, studying and solving poverty problems are of theoretic and realistic significance. This dissertation on the research of poverty problems and anti-poverty strategies in contemporary Chinese rural areas has been divided into six chapters, whose main contents and views are summarized as follows:Chapter one is an introduction, including six parts. In the first part the author has mainly expounded the reasons why he chose the topic. In the second part, the author has mostly elaborated the significances of the research on anti-poverty in contemporary Chinese rural areas, such as the process of Chinese anti-poverty has fully reflected the advantages of socialist system and it is the essential requirement of socialism as well; the process of Chinese anti-poverty has created conditions for regional economic development, national harmony and solidarity and social security; the process of Chinese anti-poverty has produced a world-wide influence and has set a good example; the process of Chinese anti-poverty has laid a material foundation on all-round construction of a well-off society. In the third part, the author has put a key emphasis on current situations of theories of anti-poverty at home and abroad from the angel of bibliography. In the fourth part, the author has analyzed main contemporary theories of anti-poverty, including definitions of poverty from economics, larithmics, social anthropology and politics. He has particularly elaborated Marxist theory of poverty. In the fifth part, the author has demarcated numerous basic implications of poverty and essential factors of anti-poverty, divided poverty into different types and analyzed the value orientation of measuring poverty, the change of the number of poverty population, distribution of poverty-stricken areas and social economic features. In the sixth part, the author, methodologically, has combined theory with comparative analysis, empirical research with normalized research, static analysis with dynamic analysis, generality with particularity, and qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis.Chapter two has four parts, in which the author has elaborated and analyzed multiple reasons for the formation of poverty problems in contemporary Chinese rural areas. In Part one, he has mainly expounded and analyzed environmental reasons, that is, he has studied resource environment and economic development of poverty-stricken areas; he has studied regional environmental conditions and economic development of poverty-stricken areas; and he has also studied the correlation of environment and population in poverty-stricken areas. In Part two, he has mainly expounded and analyzed historical reasons, such as "Great Leap Forward" and "People's Commune Movement" are political root leading to rural poverty; "the scissors gap" of city and countryside is economic root; dual social economic structure of city and countryside is social root; the difference between regional economic development and policy is the fundamental root leading to regional poverty. In Part three, he has mainly expounded and analyzed cultural reasons, which contain the influences of cultural poverty and national cultures on regional poverty. In Part four, he has expounded and analyzed the system and the mechanism, mainly including the influences of dislocation and omission of economic behavior of governments and the influences of nominal roles that organizations at the grass-roots level play on poverty.Chapter three involves three parts, in which the author is mainly concentrated on performance evaluation, historical experience and evolution. In the first part, he has mainly expounded the contributions to Chinese anti-poverty that the Communist Party's three-generation leading collectives have made. In the second part, he has summarized the historical processes and the revolution. The third part is about correct recognition of anti-poverty performance and its evaluation. In the fourth part, he has summed up basic anti-poverty experience and practice. In Part five, he has analyzed is the inadequacies in the anti-poverty process and in anti-poverty policy, and has put forward the chance and the challenge that anti-poverty in our country has to face under the condition of market economy.Three parts constitute chapter four, which is mainly about anti-poverty experience in foreign countries and their enlightenments to Chinese rural anti-poverty. In the first part, the author has elaborated features of poverty in developed countries and their anti-poverty measures. In the second part, he, taking anti-poverty measures in India, Brazil and Bangladesh for an example, has touched upon the characteristics of poverty in developing countries and their anti-poverty practice. The third part is mainly about contemporary enlightenments from anti-poverty experience in foreign countries.Chapter five, in which the author has discussed the construction of the framework for anti-poverty control structure with Chinese characteristics, has six parts. In the first part, the author has interpreted the implications of anti-poverty control structure. In the second part, he has mainly analyzed the key elements and their relationships, namely, anti-poverty goal system and strategic practice; anti-poverty policy, establishment of systems and laws and regulations; network of anti-poverty organizations and institutes and their government system; poverty-stricken population participation and its organization of participation, and active participation of stakeholders. In Part three, the author has mainly analyzed the supervision mechanism of anti-poverty control structure and its role. Part four is the elaboration and analysis of the contents of anti-poverty control structure. In Part five, the author has concentrated on the exploration of making laws of anti-poverty and the promotion of development based on the laws. In the sixth part, he has mainly expounded that sustainable development is the basis and prerequisite of anti-poverty control structure, including four aspects: the definition of sustainable development, basic understandings of sustainable anti-poverty development; sustainable development in poverty-stricken areas (or regions) and sustainable development of poverty-relief program proper.Chapter six consists of seven parts, in which the author has mainly discussed the anti-poverty strategic choices in contemporary Chinese rural areas. In Part one, he has mostly expounded the formation of rural anti-poverty strategies. Part two is the analysis of the features of anti-poverty strategies. In the third part, the author has made some rethought on anti-poverty strategies. He thought that in the definition of anti-poverty subject, the role government plays in the distribution of area or regional economic benefits has been highly evaluated; in the definition of anti-poverty object, importance has been attached to regional poverty while poverty-stricken villages and families have been ignored; in the manners, more emphasis has been put on the input of material capital, but less attention paid to the exploitation and moulding of human capital; in the contents, great attention has been paid to the improvement of supply, but the stimulation of demand has not been taken seriously. In Part four, the author has mainly set forth the guiding thoughts of Chinese rural anti-poverty strategic choices. In the fifth part, he has mentioned the macro-choices of rural anti-poverty strategies in the 21st century. Part six is the positive analysis of concrete operations in rural anti-poverty strategies which include building strong rural Party branches at the grass-roots level and leading the peasants to cast off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity; strengthening infrastructural construction in poverty-stricken areas; promoting agricultural industrialization and eliminating or alleviating poverty; relieving poverty via information, relieving poverty via policy, and relieving poverty via the exploitation of human resources and improving the efficiency of using poverty relief funds. |
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