China's Urban And Rural Public Services Equalization System Analysis

People's livelihood is the basic issue to human society survival and development, and also the fundamental problem in managing state affairs in the world. China has basically achieved the transition from planned economy toward market economy in 32 Years of Reforming and Opening. This fundamental shift has stimulated people's motivation to enhance the vitality of society and liberate the productive forces of society, so that China's economic development has made remarkable achievements. However, since the reform and opening up, such high economic growth rate do not bring corresponding widespread improvement of our welfare, and broad masses of people do not share the fruits of reform and development, which is concentrated expressed by imbalance between urban and rural economic and social development, the growing of urban-rural income gap and increasingly prominent in rural people's livelihood. These issues are not only related to imperfect market mechanism, but also related to government policy that blindly pursuing efficiency and ignoring social justice. Embodied in when government perform public service duties, they carried out differentiated policy which disobeys just rules, so that the inhabitants in the urban and rural, although they live in the same area, are treated differently in public goods they should have.Under the market economy condition, as an important way for the Government to implement national income redistribution, public service is the basic function of the government. Making effective public service policy and providing all citizens with equal basic public services is the government's statutory duties. Because of this, Since The 16th Central Committee raised an aim of gradually equalizing basic public services, this issue has become an hot issue in China's academic community. Since China is a developing country in which main population is rural population, the equalization of urban-rural public service is an essential part and the key point of China's strategies. Thus, this paper takes the equalization of urban-rural public service as the subject, trying to improve equalization of public service theory and focuses on the realities of China's economic and social concerns. The subject has a theoretical value and practical significance.This paper throughout by a system analysis method and is divided into three parts to deeply research the equalization of urban-rural public service according to the logic of theoretical analysis, practical research and countermeasures research. In the theoretical part, it defines and analyzes public service properties, classification, demand and supply, connotation of the equalization of urban-rural public service, the priority of its implementation, routing and other basic issues with the western public goods theory. On this basis, it through introducing new institutional economics theory and its analysis, proposed non-equalization urban and rural public services is essentially a question of institutional arrangements, meanwhile, reveals the series of formal system, informal system and its relations between operating this systems and achieving the goal. In part of analyzing the reality, from the perspective of institutional changing, the paper investigate supplying of China's urban and rural public service and analyze effect of non-equalization public service between the urban and the rural. From the perspective of historical roots, the reality factor and comparative perspectives, this thesis analyze further the system factors so that point out system mechanism of this issue, cofirming that the equalization of urban-rural public service is essentially a question of institutional arrangements. In part of countermeasure research, from formal institution selection, informal institution innovation and optimization of institution environment, the author proposed a series of institutional arrangements concerned with the design of institutional arrangements and policy recommendations.The main points of this article include these aspects.1. This paper explains public service, especially the equalization of urban-rural public service. This article argues that public service is products and Services provided to the public by the government for the exercise of its functions. Its aim is to meet the needs of social and public consumption; it is characterized by the general public to enjoy; its goal is to achieve social justice. Public service is a matter of basic human rights about human survival and development, and is the basic condition for the maintenance of human and social development. The concept itself contains a certain amount of value judgments that ensure universal access to basic public services is the government's statutory responsibility under the related convention of human rights, and that achieving fairness is the government's primary destination of providing of public service. The equalization of urban-rural public service is the process that the government distributes public resources between urban and rural areas with reason, and supplies the urban and rural residents public services which is suited to their needs, match with the different stages, and can achieve roughly equal finally. To achieve this goal, the principal must be the government; the focus must be to improve the level of public service in rural areas; the weakening of the government's public service functions and the inequalities of related policies and systems must be solved as very important points.2. This paper raises the point that the inequality of public service between urban and rural areas is an issue of institutional arrangements essentially. The article believes that the cause of the emergence of this issue is that there is a series of unfair justice and institutional arrangements in history and reality, and it is one of manifestations of the lack of social fairness and justice values, of the alienation of the concept of national development and of the deviation of the administration concept. The achievement of the goal of the equalization of urban-rural public service depends on not only the improvement of economic level, but also the optimization of series of related formal and informal institutional arrangements and their operating mechanism, which can help to co-ordinate urban-rural development and to improve the level and quality of public service in rural areas.3. This paper establishes an institutional analytical framework to research the equalization of urban-rural public service. The article considers that in the condition that the financial resources remain unchanged, the achievement of the goal of the equalization of urban-rural public service depends on the system set built up by series of related formal and informal institutional arrangements and their operating mechanism. Specifically, the foundation and core to achieve this goal is establishing of a system guaranteeing a stable financial investment in public services in rural areas; the precondition to achieve this goal is establishing an effective system guaranteeing the division and cooperation between the central and the local; the primary means to achieve this goal is establishing a normalized and rigid system guaranteeing transfers in order to realize the urban-rural balance; the key to achieve this goal is establishing a system guaranteeing the supply of basic public services on the basis of the urban-rural integration; the long-term protection to achieve this goal is establishing a scientific and reasonable system guaranteeing public service cost-sharing. In addition, the ideological guarantee for the achievement this goal is that the concept of social fairness and justice is fostered, the philosophies of national development and administration are changed and the administrative cultural is transformed; the operating mechanism guarantee for the achievement this goal is improvement and integrity of the expression mechanism of the interests of public demand, of the mechanism for restraining the supply of public service and of the incentives for the supply of public service.