The Adherence And Uplifting Of National Main Body

With the clue of the changes of Chinese Social since the Opium War, this paper explores how the Chinese nation made a choice on the external and traditional cultures and developed her own culture in the process of national modernization. This paper takes for that the revolutionary tact of rural areas besieging cities is a marvelous innovation by the Chinese communist party led by Mao Tsetung, which showed the main body of Chinese nation. The revolutionary theory of socialism was enriched by the mode of socialist constitution established through the theory of"one modernization and three reformations"The success of China's reform and opening up the world to provide a path of modernization with Chinese characteristics. The vital reason why Chinese Reform succeeded was that our leaders persisted in the ideology of following realistic and pragmatic approach, which was the sublimation of traditional wisdom. The revival of the traditional value presented the main body of Chinese nation.This paper consists of five main chapters and conclusion.The first chapter is Introduction which accounts for the reason and magnificance of this subject and the current research situation home and abroad, and defines these main concepts such as culture, the option of culture, the main body of nation and cultures. It is figured that the option of culture (narrow-meaning) refers to a kind of adjustment of cultural itself development when the main body encountered a crisis or reform. The essential of cultural option is the alternative of life style and identification of national main body with another life style. The vital point of cultural option is the carrying forward of the national main body. Only achieving this, the reconstruction of national culture and national identification can be accomplished.The second chapter works over the cultural options between Opium War and the movement of May 4th in 1919. The cultural ideology of Celestial Empire hindered the Chinese learning from other cultures, which was broken by the Opium War. After that war, the Chinese began the journey of cultural option with efforts of making a strong nation. The first stage in this process was the option of tools culture, which presented by Wei Yuan's theories of using one's weapons to attach him. Although they were not completely scientific, these cultural theories still made significance at the outset of learning from foreign countries. The Sino-Japanese War which woke up the 4000-year-long dream of China, Liang Qichao thought, highlighted the backwardness of Chinese political system, which made Chinese people start to learn from the western countries. The reformers, the revolutionaries and the constitutionalists took the theory of evolution and the thoughts of bourgeois freedom and civil rights as a weapon to deeply expose and mercilessly attack the feudal system, which greatly improved people's conciousness. The Hundred Days Reform, the New Deal and the 1911 Revolution were the efforts that the Chinese nation made to promote the institutional change. After the 1911 Revolution, the warlords without authorization came into military dictatorship, and the people suffered greatly the declining central government. So some people thought this disorder came down to the weakening traditional morality. The people who had the firm belief of the democratic republic argued that the confusion was because the Republic didn't come into reality. And so, respecting and criticizing Confucius and his thoughts became the main ideological trend.Chen Duxiu and Hu Shi made further reflections on cultures and launched the movement of new cultures for the thought enlightenment. After that movement, there gradually came into being three different cultural alternatives: Marxism, Liberalism and cultural Conservatives. Therefore, the traditional cultures were in a dilemma of being neglected completely through the options of material cultures, system cultures and sense cultures. The Chinese people shoke their faiths of Chinese traditional cultures.The third chapter makes a research on the cultural option between the movement of May 4th in 1919 and the 3rd session of 11 Central Committee of CPC. Liberalism was the first fresh blood and made a positive part in criticizing feudality, promoting democracy and science and advancing personal freedom and rights. But in such circumstances that invaded by foreign emperors and autarchy of inner feudal military, the parliamentary democracy of liberalism was just a day dream which only acted some unrealistic roles in the first half of 20th century in China. The cultural option by liberalism deviated from the Chinese cultural tradition and social situations. Such no differential western option proved the loss of main body in culture.After the movement of May 4th, the conservatives made self-reflection about the aftereffect of westernization and regarded that it was inappropriate to learn from America and Soviet all around with the grounds either that science could take place philosophy or China had her special situation. As for the Chinese cultural development, even though they accepted China undoubtedly would absorb western science and democracy, they still regarded Chinese culture could revive and Chinese nation could be inspired only through innovating the traditional culture. But lack of efficient solution to the enriching country and solid military, cultural conservatives made hesitation to promote thought enlightenment and social reforms. They regarded the traditional ethical morality as the remedy and even counted on the inherent spirits of"ethical standard"in traditional society to hinder such modern illness. Such ambiguity in the relationship with the tide of modern advance determined the doom of culture conservatives.Marxism could not stand out among those theories without the creative development of Marxism by the Chinese nation. Mao Tsetung, equipped with Marxist philosophy and deep understanding of Chinese traditional culture, generalized Marxist philosophy as pragmatic approach. The most distinct character of the Chinese Marxism was taking the pragmatic approach as its ideology, working methods and worldview. With the guidance of this pragmatic approach, which regarded practice and utility and uplifted the Chinese national practical ration, the Chinese communist party carried about the revolution way of rural areas besieging cities through putting theory into action and independence, which broke through the Soviet's mode and realized national independence and liberation. After the establishment of China, the communist party theorized the Chinese socialism through the policy of"one modernization and three reformations", the mode of revolutionary and co-existence of reform and construction. All these magnificent creations fully expressed the national spirits of toughness, national ration and the main body of Chinese nation.The fourth chapter discusses the cultural option after Reform. Following the Soviet's mode before the Reform, our socialism institution ,once acting positively depressed producers'enthusiasm and slacked and even created a logjam in the whole economy by opposing planned economy and market economy. Under the nationwide urgency for altering the former left routine, the left leaders were stiffly in the dogmatic guideline that stuck the national economy. Under such circumstance, the quest for the criterion on truth relieved the ideology in China. Deng Xiaoping combined the thinking liberation and seeking truth from facts, further enriched the ideological connotation of that pragmatic approach which was defined as the core in Mao Tsetung's theory. Under this ideological guideline, the Chinese nation sought for her way to construct Chinese socialism after the 3rd session of 11 Central Committee of CPC which fixed the economic construction as the core work of the nation and Community party and implemented the historic policy of reform. Under this ideological guideline, the Chinese communist party established the characteristic theory of Chinese socialism through combining the truth criterion that imposed the practice was the only standard of testing truth with the value criterion, combining the development of productivity with socialism, combining opening and reforming with persistence in four basic principles. Having broken the barrier of the mode of soviet and the theory of classic socialism, the great Chinese nation practically established the way to realize Chinese socialism, which showed the applied ration of Chinese nation.With the solid material and ideological foundation of the revival of national culture laid by the successful practice of Chinese socialism, we corrected our false that considered animadversion weighed over immersion towards traditional culture, and began to make further research on traditional culture. The revival of Chinese traditional culture is fully proved by these remarks, which possess dense traditional culture and era characteristics, wealthy society, harmonious society and world. All these ideological cultures increasingly draw attentions around the world, such as the practical reasoning of availability, the nature outlook of harmonious relationship between human and nature, harmonious culture of establishing democracy, legal system, equality and justice. Her special socialist culture, reflecting the mode of Chinese nation going forward modernizations, owns the global meaning due to the successful practices of Chinese socialism.There are two parts in the fifth chapter. The first part discusses the regulations on cultural option by example of revolution of Japanese culture and Buddhism in China. It figures that Japanese is good at absorbing from others not only from the ancient Chinese cultures and from the modern European and contemporary American cultures but without changing the core status of her spiritual elements in Japanese national culture, which reflected the quality of main body in her cultural option. Whereas, the example of Buddhism in China illuminated that the cultural option must combine with the cultural tradition. Wei Shizong failed in reforming the Buddhism sutra with the Chinese political situation and cultural tradition while Zen made success in innovating Buddhism with the reality in China.The second part has a discussion on how to create the new culture of Chinese nation.Having analyzed the inner and outer reasons and the culture sources affected the cultural option of modern China, this paper resumes that the culture construction in China definitely went on the road of"synthetic creation"under the leadership of Marxism, which means absorption of advanced cultures and promotion of the conversion from Chinese traditional culture to modern culture,and the innovation of advanced culture possessing national and era characteristics footed on the reality of reform and modern constructions.Briefly summarizing the research situations and the research out comings in this paper, the conclusion, the last part of this paper, put forward theoretical thinking on the option of modern cultures, cultural structure and bring about the problems and thinking way needed further research on this subject.