The Study Of U.S. Aid Policy Toward India In The Cold War Era (1947-1971)

U.S. had provided a great deal of long-term economic and military aid to its allies during the cold war era. At the same time U.S. also had provided some kinds of aid to those developing countries with strategic values which were not allies of America. Among these the India accepting U.S. aid was the model of these aid types.In view of the Containment Policy, American long-term aim toward India in the Cold War era is to keep South Asia peaceful and stable, decrease Soviet Union and China's impact in this area, avoid the possibility of "the loss of India", and make India become "the democratic development model". According to this, America has begun to influence India's diplomatic tendency and development with political, economical and diplomatic ways, including aid. Among these, providing aid became one of American important policies toward India.On the base of America and India's bilateral relationship historical works and published or declassified documents, this dissertation investigates American aid policy toward India with international and foreign relationship point of view. This dissertation's aim is to fully understand American aid's basic situations and characters, comprehend cold war's double logic's representation on development problem, and then judge which factors decide American aid and development policies' success or failure.The first chapter studies America's aid policy toward India during Truman's era. Before Korean War, India which is on the periphery of U.S. global strategy took the diplomatic position utterly different from U.S. containment policy, at last U.S. refused Indian aid request and claimed that international organization should assume the responsibility of aiding India. Through these people s inclining to America, such as Chester Bowles, proposed U.S. should provide aid to America, U.S. just gave limited economic aid to India according to its global strategy and put the emphasis on the India's agricultural development at the moment of India's the first Five Year plan.The second chapter mainly examines the regulation and implementation of Aiding-India policy during Eisenhower's two terms in office. Firstly America established its military alignment with Pakistan according to the consideration of ally and U.S. military security. However, after Soviet Union took the economic offense, India soon has become the model of democratic development which conformed to the Containment policy's need. Since the late of 1950s, U.S. has gradually changed the traditional limited policy and emphasized the Indian economy take-off and industrial development. When the scope of aiding-India is enlarged, U.S. national security aim has collided drastically with the regime competition aim, As a result of this, America was to promote the rapprochement between India and Pakistan with the tool of economic aid.The third chapter mainly unfolds the aid policy of Kennedy in office. More and more the developing countries have entered the international society and the Kennedy government placed more emphasis on regime competition, which made the scope of U.S. Aid reach the summit. At the same time, U.S. was not to give up the other aid aims, especially draw India over western side and promote the peace between India and Pakistan, which brought a series of contradictions between India and U.S. Even if both sides has made a common understanding on containing China and U.S. begun to provide the military aid to India, the cold war consideration still made U.S. difficult to a utterly adjust the strategic priority of south Asia and India was not to change greatly its own basic diplomatic framework. Besides, American confidence in Indian development has been greatly influenced, for India has not made its economy take off. Since the late of Kennedy government's office, the scale of aiding-India has dwindled gradually.The forth chapter reflects the aiding policy during the two India-Pakistan war. The second India Pakistan war indicated that traditional south Asia policy of providing economic aid to India and military aid to Pakistan has bankrupted completely, and U.S. began to change its policy from the involvement to the withdrawal. Since the long-term aid has not helped U.S. realize its south Asia strategic aim, With more toughness, U.S. has started to forced India to change its traditional developing policy which emphasized heavy industry. Consequently, this policy has brought about the constant strain of bilateral relationship. At last the third India-Pakistan war made U.S. temporally end aiding-India policy.The last chapter mainly focuses the development of U.S. aiding policy after the transfer of cold war. Since the split of China-Soviet Union, China, U.S. and Pakistan has confronted with Soviet Union and India in south Asia, and the regime competition aim has gradually lost its charm because of the transfer of cold war. In the late of 1970s U.S. resumed its aiding policy toward India. U.S aid has never reached the large scale from the late of 1950s to the 1960s, because of the change of south Asia situation and the special relationship between Soviet Union and India.