Administrative Control Mechanisms Of The Qing Dynasty Six Subjects

On the basis of previous system, the Qing Dynasty constructed the complicated administrative supervision mechanisms favorable for dynastic rule, with the characteristics of multi-national color, multi-level and mutual chiasm. As six administrative sections adopted the essence in Qing Dynasty, it was a link of administrative supervision mechanisms and also a blend of Chinese traditional political system. Characterized by the combination of aristocrat and bureaucracy, to some degree, it played a role in monitoring the operation of the whole bureaucratic apparatus and improving the efficiency of domination. At the same time, it had to admit that aristocrat and bureaucracy were lack of political power and had a low status of supervision when exercising the government affairs, which was one of the important factors restricting the exertions of supervision. At present, some aspects of the systems of six administrative sections are sparsely mentioned by the scholars both abroad and at home in their studies. Actually there is still no systematic study to research its administrative supervision mechanisms in Qing Dynasty. This dissertation attempts to remedy the defect in this area.Adopting the previous basic framework, the administrative supervision mechanisms of six administrative sections in Qing dynasty were based on the systems of Han and King and then formed its own management system with the national features of Manchu and Mongolian. From the process of its adoption and development, once the barbarians' conquerors were vanquished by the social forms and ideology of an advanced civilization, they themselves emerged from barbarism, which thus marked the transition from the backward to the advanced. During the process of frequent communication between Manchu and Mongolian, Han and other ethnic groups, they came to a much better understanding of each other, bridged the gap of social development and accelerated the historical course and the pace of their social development. The fusions of Manchu and Han in the administrative supervision mechanisms of six administrative sections not only manifested the dominate position of Manchu aristocratic, but also revealed the ruler's political philosophy.The position and function of the administrative supervision mechanisms of six administrative sections in the political system reflected both the ideas at the peak of centralized system and the Confucianism conception in autocratic monarchy. Not only could it embody the different ranks, agnate systems, ethics and other traditional political philosophy, but also the shaping principles and operating rules could influence its exertion every way. Also, it mirrored the power structure restructuring, the renewal of social and cultural awareness, and the fundamental factors determining these changes: the development of social economy, politics and culture and change of social environment, which even decided the rise and decline of this system. The Qing Dynasty's rulers built an empire with vast territory and brilliant culture, and there was no rival to threaten the domination in its splendors. At that time, the government did not meet the demand of social development and stuck to old ways and tolerated evil rather than adjusting the systems. Finally, it resulted in the collapse of administrative structure, making the administrative supervision ineffective, even heating up political corruption. This is the irreversible historical development, but if the proper choices of social system had been made, so many disasters would have not been brought to the society at least. That is the problem worthy of profound thinking.When Qing Dynasty's rulers governed Central Plains initially, the core policy of the system was to stabilize the current political situation, so Ming's system was often adopted in the establishment and operation of the policies. But the original system was also important before entering Central Plains. When two systems in different cultural environment were in communion, Manchu and Mongolian system played a more important role in the process of implementation. However, with the gradual stability of the current political situation, the blending systems needed to make an inevitable reform. The arrogance of the rulers grew day and day, with the so-called "KangYongQian time" coming, thus it was impossible for them to pay close attention to the development and changes of the world. Therefore, the inertia of system had become more and more obvious. Under the impact of foreign powers, the rulers reviewed policy mistakes. Having not been willing to accept a new political concept, they were forced to implement the so-called "New Policy" under attack and humiliation. In the process of evolution from the traditional political systems to the modern, the essence of being beating passively was reflected, and inertial political civilization got lost in the rapid development of the economy. The system couldn't be scientifically innovated and developed, and it also restrained people's minds. Consequently, the initiative of China was lost directly in the competition of modern countries. They couldn't get the people's support, either. Awakening from hardship and thinking of adversity in prosperity was an important motive force for the advance and development of a nation.In this paper, on the basis of several sorts of documents, the record of the Qing dynasty, the case of QingShiGao and scholars' private notes in Qing dynasty and the present research. We have a systematical analysis on the administrative supervision mechanism, and try to use the theories and of system, system theory and social control, and also methods of macro statement and micro analysis system to give the necessary statistics and typical examples. Above all, this paper discusses the effect of the administrative supervision mechanism of six administrative sections in safeguarding the political ruling, and administrative operation .As a special perspective, administrative monitoring mechanism as six administrative sections can help us have a good interpretation on Qing dynasty's political system and observe things behind the system. The dissertation can be divided into six parts.The first chapter is the introduction section, which mainly elaborated the topic of subjects, and realistic significance of research, literature review, the theory and research method, and the basic framework.The second chapter mainly researches the historical and evolutionary process of the six administrative sections. With the retrospection to the history and evolution of six administrative sections, the author works out its position and role in the political system and displays its relatively compete system framework through the analysis of the system of six administrative sections in Qing dynasty.In the third chapter, the dissertation deals with the functions and limitations of the six administrative sections in the central government decision-making through the institutional analysis. According to the narration of the right of objection, cancellation and transcribing history, it also discusses the role of six administrative sections in the process of central government decision-making and analyzes the function of supervision in the process of decision-making and exertion and their deficiency.The fourth and fifth chapters are the narrations of the specific monitoring role of every section in practical political affairs, in order to reveal whether it is correspond to six ministries. In fact, not only are the six ministries under supervision accordingly, but also the specific divisions of six ministries are supervised. Through analysis of concrete cases, the differences of the Ke and Dao are shown. Finally, the author puts forward the view on the confusion of the Ke and Dao and unification of governance and supervision and verifies that there are still distinctions between the rights and responsibilities of monitor officers and six administrative sections, which are seemingly no divisions before.The sixth chapter is evaluation. The administrative supervision mechanisms of six administrative sections are both important part of traditional political systems and blend of national characteristics in Qing dynasty. Not only does it adopt the previous administrative management mode and concept, but also it has the characteristics of Manchu noble as the main body and distinctive characteristics at the peak of centralized system and the Confucianism conception in autocratic monarchy. Finally, the dissertation summarizes the experience and lessons and provides some beneficial inspirations from the desired effect of system construction, system realization and implementation effect.