On Chinese Pronouns In Yuan & Ming Dynasties

This paper is based on the materials which extracted from Xinjiao Yuankan Zaju Sanshi Zhong and Jindai Hanyu Yufa Ziliao Huibian(Yuan&Ming Dynasties),the purpose of the research is to completely describe and analyze the pronouns included in these two books by the comparison of developments thread and contemparary thread. With the method of quantitative statistics,this paper tries to display us the basic characters of the Chinese pronouns system of Yuan&Ming Dynasties,and to look into the development rules of it.This paper will be divided into five parts.The first part is "introduction".And this part is divided into five sections.The title of the first section is "several basic issues concerning pronouns".In this section,the following issues are about to be answered:the academia' s views about pronous,the definitions about pronous given by different scholars,the academia' s views about whether pronous are notional words or empty words and the question of how to divided pronous.The title of the second section is "the present research situation of Chinese pronous and the contemporary research on Chinese pronouns in Yuan&Ming Dynasties". This section mainly reviews and describes the research achievements about pronouns of the academia,especially about pronouns in Yuan & Ming Dynasties,and it also makes objective comments on the research situation.The third section is "significance and materials of the research".This section is mainly about the necessities,feasibility and value of the research about pronouns in Yuan&Ming Dynasties,and also explains the representation of the materials which have been used.The fourth section "research purpose and methods" mainly explains the research methods used in this paper describe and analyzes comprehensively and precisely about Yuan & Ming pronouns system,to talk about the development rules of it.This section also explains the research methods, for example,the method of the combination of description and example analysis,the method of comparison from contemporary and developing layers of the pronouns,and the method of the combination of conventional and modern linguistic theories.And the last section explains the quotation regulations and directions of symbols used in the thesis. The second part is "the personal pronouns".This part is divided into eleven sections.They are as follows:the first personal pronouns,the second personal pronouns, the third personal pronouns,impersonal usages of personal pronouns,language contacts and the plural suffix "Men ",the variational usages of personal pronouns,Semantic and demonstrative functions of Ta in "ZhiTa......" structural style,reflexive pronouns,the pronouns demonstrating other people and things,the pronouns demonstrating people and and things in a general designation,other personal pronouns.Specificly to say,the Chinese presonal pronouns system of Yuan&Ming period includes the following smaller systems:the first personal pronouns " Wo,An,Zan" and so on;the second personal pronouns "Ni,Nin,Er,Yi" and so on;the third personal pronouns "Ta,Yi" and so on; the reflexive pronouns " Zi,Ji,Ziji" and so on;the pronouns demonstrating other people and things "Pangren,Bieren" and so on;the pronoun demonstrating people and and things in a general designation " Dajia";other styles of pronouns are mostly produced and preserved from the early periods of ancient and modern times,for example "Zhi,Qi,Bi" and others of the same style.Although precisely speaking they cannot be concluded into the system of Yuan&Ming pronouns,the paper also makes a brief analysis about them as they appeared in some special contexts and play specific functions more or less.Language contacts play a very important role in the constrution and influence on the Chinese pronouns system in these periods.This part also makes a description and analysis about the basic usage methods and development rules about personal pronouns from linguistic context and pragmatic angles.This part also includes the variational usages of the all personal pronouns.The third part is a "the demonstrative pronouns".The whole part analyzes Yuan&Ming demonstrative pronouns from the following nine sections.They are as follows:the deictic functions of "Zhe/Na ",the substantive functions of "Zhe/Na ",the demonstrative pronouns and phrases of location,the demonstrative pronoun "Zhe Zaowan",the demonstrative pronouns "Wude/Wuna",the adverbial and demonstrative pronouns and phrases,the demonstrative pronouns referring to and substituting all of people or things in a certain scope,the pronouns referring to other people and things in a certain scope,other styles of demonstrative pronouns.Specificly to say,the compoments of Yuan&Ming demonstrative pronouns are of many kinds: "Zhe/Na" and their multiple forms are the most active ones in this system and they have developed new usage manners in specific linguistic contexts.The demonstrative pronouns concerning positions are the multiple forms that are constituted by the most important demonstrative words in the neoteric Chinese period "Zhe/Na" and morphemes such as "Li,Bi,Bian,Xiang,Bixiang" and so on;the demonstrative pronoun "Zhe Zaowan ".The main adverbial and demonstrative pronouns are "Nen" and its other family words,"Zhemen,Namen,Zheban,Naban" and so on.The demonstrative pronouns referring to and substituting all of people or things in a certain scope are "Mei,Ge" and so on.The pronouns referring to other people and things in a certain scope are "Biede,Biege,Qita,Qiyu" and so on.The demonstrative pronouns dated from ancient Chinese and modern Chinese of the early period include " Ci,Bi,Qi, Zhi,Ruci,Rushi,Xu,Re" and so on.The paper discusses them from syntax,semantic and pragmatic angles.The fourth part is "the interrogative pronouns".The interrogative pronouns in Yuan&Ming literatures not only include the comprehensive styles such as "Shui,Shen, He,Na,ji" which have been continuely used in ancient Chinese,but also include the new ones such as "Nade,Naxie,Nali,Duoshao,Duozan,Duo Zaowan,Shende, Shenme" which are newly appeared ones in modern Chinese.This situation embodies the characters of the combinations of the preservation of old ones and continual developments.This part mainly describes and analyzes detailedly about these interrogative pronouns one by one,and it is divided into twelve sections as follows:the interrogative pronoun "Shui" and its compound forms;the researches on characters of interrogative pronoun "Shui" in structures of " Shui+Shi+NP" and "NP+Shi+Shui"; the interrogative pronouns "Shenmeren,Shenren,Heren,Nage,Na Yige";functions differences of "Shui","Shenren ","Heren ","Nage" and "Na Yige";the researches on the interrogative pronouns of "Shen" series,"Na" series," Zen" series,"He" family. This section also makes a detailed research of the interrogative pronoun "Zheng", "Duoshao ","Duo ","Zaowan ","Duozan ","Ji" and its multiple forms.The last part is the Conclusion.This part will carefully construct Yuan&Ming Chinese pronouns system,and then makes a concise conclusion about the complicated character about this system;and it will makes some preliminary conclusions about the finding and feeling of the research;this part also includes some reflctions about the development rules,the interaction relationships of linguistic atmosphere,for example, language contacts,and the developments of Chinese.