Bodies In Beijing, Hearts In Shandong

Shandong province is not only a big population province,but also an immigrants province.It was a history phenomenon that Shandong immigrated on a large scale in modern times.Beijing,The three provinces of the northeast China,Anhui,Jiangsu, Henan and Shanghai,etc,were areas of Shandong immigrants.Althrough Shandong immigrants and their descendants in Beijing were Beijing citizens now,the group are still not studied.Beijing is a consume city in mordern times.Beijing's commerce had so close to do with Shandong businessmen,that Beijing Chamber of Commerce was controlled by them.They mainly engaged in food and drink,silks and satins,slaughtering,grains, seame oil,lumber mill,etc.Thus the powerful group of Shandong businessmen came into being in Beijing.Beijing,as the Qing Dynasty and the North Government,attracted people from the whole country.Some Shandong students hoped to study further in Beijing,so schools in Beijing gathered many Shandong students.Some of them gratduated became an important group of military and political circles in Beijing.Shandong physical labour was a group of lower levers.Shandong peasents who lost their lands had gone through all kinds of hardship and difficultties to come to Beijing.They had to engaded in physical labour to support themselves.Thus,we can draw a tentative impression,that in modern times Shandong immigrants to Beijing was a result that natural and social changed.Shandong immigrants had large number and complecated social levels.Shandong immigrants to Beijing were much different from Shandong immigrants to the three provinces of the northeast China.Why did Shandong immigrants go to bejing? What hope did they had to Beijing?Beijing native considered Shandong immigrants as "nonnative".Competition for markets,engaging in internal strife for politics and native antiforeignism challenged Shandong immigrants to a contest.Shandong immigrants adapted themselves to Beijing tortuously.How they expanded themselves life sphere in Beijing?Shandong immigrants nearly were ditributed over all social levels in Beijing. They lived in Beijing all year.Some of them did not returned their hometown,but they were reluctant to leave hometown.Shandong immigrants weaved social network——fellowship network by fellowship.This network made it possible for commom interest of Shandong immigrants.But it was not expanded without limit.It was selective and rejective under some circumstances.Thus,how did Shandong immigrants accept the standard each other?Shandong immigrants were not only demanders.They developed in all professions,this contributed to Beijing city advancing objectively.Shandong immigrants left deeply foot in Beijing city in modern times.What fuction and influnce did Shandong immigrants have to Beijing city in modern times?In modern times,China winds rising and clouds scudding,Shandong immigrants act history play in Beijing city.They actively took part in and played important roles in political incidents of Shandong,such as Weihaiwei question,Qingdao question, Lincheng incident,etc.Concerning about hometown safety was important factor that threw themselves into the patriotic movements.But how did they influnce for their hometown in Beijing? And how did they deal with relation between interest of their hometown and country interest?These questions give rise to my interest for studying on Shandong immigrants in Beijing in modern times.Based on abundant document information,the paper studies on Shandong immigrants at all kinds of social levels from 1840 to 1949,and shows their history features with the help of history,socioligy,anthropology,etc.It is studied along above clues in this paper.There are six chapters in this paper except introduction and conclusion.Chapter One:Shandong Immigrants to Beijing in Modern Times.Shandong immigrants to Beijing had objective and subjective factors.There were close relationship between their birth place and profession.Chapter Two:From Guild Halls to Associations of Fellow Provinces Organizations of Shandong Province.It was necessary to build orgnizations of Shandong province with Shandong immigrants gathering in Beijing in modern times. Shandong immigrants bulid traditional organizations——guild halls in early time. Since late Qing Dynasty modern organization——associations of fellow provinces had appeared.Organizations had important cohesion of Shandong immigrants.Chapter Three:the Group of Shandong Businessmen in Beijing in Modern Times.They were a stable group among Shandong immigrants in Beijing.It had close relationship between their birth place and profession.Shandong businessmen had developed in Beijing for a long time,this showed how they obtained economical position and how it transformed into social position.Shandong businessmen seized Beijing chamber of commerce for long time.But competion between the same trade made fellowship weakened for economy interest.Chapter Four:Interaction between Beijing and Shandong:Thrust of Shandong Immigrants.Althrought Shandong immigrants came to Beijing by different way,and their social position and profession were different,they all contributed to Beijing city. this chapter took Song-zheyuan,Zhao-dengyu and Shi-chuanxiang as examples, showing that diferent social levels of Shandong immigrants' function and influnce to Beijing.Shandong immgrants lived in Beijing,but they concerned on their hometown. Beijing city provided them convenience for their influnceto their hometown.Under some specific conditions,Shandong immgrants linked up their hometown with central authority.Chapter Five:Conformity of Fellowship Network of Shandong Immigrants——Analysis of laiyang incident.In late Qing Dynasty,local beneifit conscious of Shandong immgrants promoted commonly.With central anthority falling, Shandong immgrants dissatisfied with the Qing Government controlling locality strongly.The politics network that Shandong immigrants weaved and disintegrating could be seen from Laiyang incident in this chapter.Chapter Six:Loving their Country in Unity with Loving their Hometown——Analysis of the May Fourth Movoment of 1919.Analysis of the May Fourth movoment of 1919.This chapter shows how Shandong immigrants unitied loving their country in with loving their hometown in Beijing city in Beijing city.From above,we can see that Shandong immigrants left their deeply footprints in Beijing as a group of local immigrants in long history time.Meanwhile they influnced development of their hometown importantly.Many Shandong immigrants engaged in trade in Beijing,so Beijing business was brisk and supplied consumer demand.Some of Shandong immigrants increased their capital,and transferred capital to political resources.In Beijing Shandong immigrants weaved a tenacious fellowship network having characteristics of trans-regional,trans-sectoral,trans-social stratum.Depending on fellowship network,Shandong immigrants strengthened their social position and ensured their own benefits,this made themselves be important immigrants in Beijing.Everyong in Beijing would be revolved into the tide of social changes.Their actions and values were changed by the tide.Though the changes were so slowly in some time,Social changes were more distinct in Beijing than in Shandong.So Shandong immigrants accepted modern culture more than Shandong native.Mang Shandong immigrants had to adapted themselve to Beijing.From the paper, Shandong immigrants had strong adaptability.In modern times,modernized enterprise appeared in Beijing.Under the circumstance,Shandong immigrants in Beijing were engaged in works correlated with everyday life.,such as drilling well, loading faeces,catering,silks and satins,etc.Shandong immigrants engaged in not only the tranditional trade,but also the rising trade.Undoubtedly,Shandong immigrants not only transformated living sphere,they also transformated social roles from villagers to citizens.This led to ideal transformation in some degree.They unitied hometown recognization with country recognizition.Shandong immigrants emphasized on hometown benefits in Laiyang incidence.Off cource,it was not narrow local idea.The downfall of the Qing dynasty did not arose loyality of the whole country people.Shandong immigrants could not transformated hometown loyality to country loyality,and could not promote mutual understanding with the Qing Government.They realized it commom hometown benefits loss the whole country in the May Fourth movoment of 1919,So they united hometown benefits with country benefits,and promote mutual understanding with the North Government,What avioded a large scale bloody incidence,with the help of Shandong official politilcal and millitary circul.Wu-peifu sympathized with the May Fourth movoment,not only because of self interest,but also because he is a Shandong person.When his hometown benefits were infringed,he accorded to fellowship. Shandong immigrants unitied loving their hometown with loving their country,this shows that as a local group,it had great vitality only when was connected with country.