Study On Spirit Of Shandong Merchants In Ming And Qing Dynasties

Taking spirit of Shandong merchants in Ming and Qing Dynasties as the idiographic object, taking the local chronicles, the notes of Ming and Qing dynasty, the Political Consultative Conference historical accounts of past events and so on ,as the basic historical data and at the base of their development course, carries on thoroughly discusses, makes every effort on an in-depth exploration of the historical background, the personnel to the Ming and Qing Dynasties merchant constitutes, the capital originates, the region of business, the management principle, the value orientation and the religious belief and so on . This article altogether is divided into six chapters.The first chapter, first introduce the historical background of merchant emerges Ming and Qing Dynasties time. This chapter launches the elaboration from six aspects to it. First section, emphatically analyzes the contradictory of paddies to person at that time. Because this time Shandong area population growth speed has gone far beyond the land rate of rise, many people hold the land reduction, only depends on the land to be unable to satisfy the life, thereupon many labor forces shift from the land, many people starts to be engaged in the commercial trade. Second section, elaborates the reform of taxes and service systems, in Ming and Qing Dynasties time in Shandong area. Namely, "single whip system" and "poll tax" reform, the system reform, causes the common people to obtain the more personal freedom, was engaged in the commercial operation for them to provide the system safeguard. The third section, has discussed the Shandong area transportation condition with emphasis. The convenience water transportation and the overland communication, provided for merchant's trade has been convenient. Fourth, Fifth discusses the Ming and Qing Dynasties Shandong commodity economy the prosperous situation. Main discussion agricultural products, The labor minerals commercialization and the commercial cities start the situation. This is the commodity condition which the merchant emerges. The Sixth section, mainly describes the place government official land the enlightened gentry to the commercial order maintenance. This has provided the good commercial order for merchant's management.The Second chapter, mianly discusses merchant's constitution, the capital origin and its main management regions. Merchant's constitution mainly has three parts: The first part is the bureaucrat, the landlord; The second part is the Confucian scholars; The third part is the common people. But the common people also are merchant's main origin social strata. Merchant's capital also has the many kinds of origins channel: The first is oneself rich -odd fund; The second is uses up all complete family property; The third, lends money; The fourth, leads the master's capital; The fifth is other origins. The Shandong merchant's management region quite is widespread, mainly divides into three kind of forms: in the province to manage, cross province flows, trade overseas. Each kind of merchant acted according to own capital size and the business capacity size separately selects the different region to carry on the management.The third chapter, mainly discusses the Shandong merchant's management principles and the management cultures. Through to the historical data analysis, induces the Shandong merchant's main management strategies: Diligent struggle starts an undertaking the spirit; The good faith does not bully transaction principle; Genuine goods at reasonable prices quality view; Good service to the customers; be good at grasping the opportunity; be good at the servant; Prominent propaganda; Unity cooperation; Takes advantage of somebody's authority the government authorities and so on. These transaction principles both have manifested the Shandong merchant. "Pursue righteousness Contempt advantage" .one side, and has manifested the Shandong merchant's nimble mobility.The fourth chapter, discusses the Shandong merchant's value orientation with emphasis. The goal of many Shandong merchants do business is for solve family member's warm and sufficient condition. Therefore after they become rich, first is uses for to be filial piety the parents, sympathizes the family member; Next is help the friends, the countryman or the other people; the third is to invest to the social public welfare. This also manifested the Shandong merchant deeply love the family members, warm-hearted to public welfare.The fifth chapter, discusses merchant's spirt and merchant's religious belief. First analyzes the God which the Shandong merchant believes, and induced numerousness and disorderlyness in this foundation which the Shandong merchant believe, the utility and the open characteristic. Received has further analyzed the Shandong merchant religious belief to its commercial ethics influence. This kind of influence already has positively, also has the reverse side. Both impelled the commercial development, and has limited the traditional merchant to the modern merchant's transformation.The sixth chapter, mainly discusses the merchant's spirt's impact on the social atmosphere, because the merchant holds the massive wealths, they start to eat, to put on, aspect and so on weddings and funerals break the traditional Stipulation fetter, to the utmost the extravagant strong point, reveals the luxurious ostentation. Merchant's behavior impelles the social wasteful atmosphere spreads, accelerates the social pattern to lose the order.