The Research Of The Rise And Decline Of Zhangjiakou Trade In The Ming And Qing Dynasties

Through the specific research of the rise and fall of trade in Zhangjiakou in Ming and Qing dynasties, this article tries to explore the complex factors influencing the rise and decline of an urban business. The establishment of Zhangjiakou is due to its unique geographical location and military position, and becomes the trade district between Chinese and Mongolian after Longqing Peace. Later national trade develops and then Zhangjiakou developed into nine big city. This kind of national trade has continued into Qing dynasty. As Han-Mongolian national relationship changes, Qing Government implements side mouth trade policy and establishes the Zhangjiakou Office, and in Qing dynasty Zhangjiakou traffic has developed, the Jin business promote the trade and Brigade Mongolian business in Zhangjiakou rise, these factors open the new development times of Han-Mongolian national trade in Zhangjiakou, and break through the military trade of Bian Bao in Ming dynasty. Zhangjiakou has become Han-Mongolian goods distribution center and trade relay Center, and began to shift to be a town. Because the rise of the tea trade in Kyakhta between China and Russia, Zhangjiakou becomes the commodity distributing center and transit by land of Mongolia and Russia. By Qianlong and Jiaqing in Qing dynasty, the trade in Zhangjiakou reached its period of prosperity, Zhangjiakou has become the known Mall Beyond the Great Wall. In modern times, however, the development of trade in Zhangjiakou begins to wane. Economic invasion of Russia, the Qing Government’s corruption and the trade burden of Zhangjiakou, and the failure that the Jin business compete with Russia cause the trade decline of Zhangjiakou City.The study shows that national unity and prosperity is the fundamental guarantee for economic development, and national policies are an important driver of economic development. Mining the region’s strengths and mutual complementarity are important for long-term economic development. Whether the ideas of merchant business are advanced or not relate to the business success. Innovation is the foundation for business development.