The Issue Of The War Of The Mid-tang Dynasty

The Middle Dang Dynasty lasted about seventy years which from the outbreak of An Lushan's Rebellion in Tianbao Fourteenth year (AD755) to the end of Mouzon's regime in Changqing Fourth year (AD824). During this period, the local military governors'secretariats occurred frequently inside and Tibetan invaded the boarders at the same time, so the war has become the focus of political and economic activities of the Tang Dynasty. The main line of this article is the war of the mid-Tang Dynasty and the paper focuses on the causes and effects of the mid-Tang Dynasty war and its impact. Five chapters are included except the introduction and conclusion.The system root of this war was discussed in the first chapter. The author studies the causal relationship among military reform from kaiyuan years to Tianbao years, An Lushan's Rebellion, local military governors and the wars in the Mid-Tang Dynasty. Xuanzong'reform centre on the establishment of recruiting soldier system and secretariats system. The recruiting soldiers didn't scattered, and the secretariats have the power in military, economy and politics. Finally the two system linked and formed the Disparate administrative system. During Tianbao years, according to the changes of the frontier'situation and the strengthening control of Fanzhen, east group and west group are formed. The contradiction and conflict of the two group lead to the Anlushan rebellio. After An lushan rebellion, the inflation of FanZhen'quantity and secretariat'power threaten imperial power. The rulers solved the problem through war which is the only way. In the middle of tang dynasty,the civil war was raised mainly by the Disparate administrative system, and the invasion of the foreign was caused by the civil war. Therefore, Disparate administrative system is the root of the middle tang dynasty'war.The second chapter was about the civil war in the middle tang dynasty. In Anlushan's Rebellion, there were fourteen times showdown between Tang dynasty and rebels. Strategic mistakes is the main reason of continuing of the war. Yongwanglin events and Liuzhan chaos in the southern region reflect that the central government prevent the rise of the local military force. After Anlushan rebellion, the central government took Compromise policy to FanZhen. it only launched the wars to Weibo,Songbiann the late years of Dali, with little success. Dezong hastily launched war to the Fanzhen, then the waterway was chaos and Youzhou,Huaixi betrayed.All of this lead to the "the dilemma of Fengtian". It contains the mutiny of Jingyuan, defending of Fengtian, the fleeing of LiHuaiGuang to Hezhong, the recovering of Chang'an by Lisheng and so on. It shows contradiction and conflict between the central government and Disparate administrative systemof northwest. The central government solve the problem of the north troops, but still took the compromise policy. So civil war is greatly reduced. Xianzong solved long-term occupation of HuaiXi and Ziqing,but secretariats of the north Disparate administrative systemsurrendered reluctantly,"pin soldiers" policy and mistakes in secretariat appointing of MuZong showed that Xianzong'policy was failure. Due to insufficiency of financial resources, the central government was forced to give up hebei area, which marked that the central government'policy to solve Disparate administrative systemproblems go bankruptcy.The invasion problem of the middle tang dynasty was emphasized in the third chapter. In An lushan'S rebellion, Northwest of Tang dynasty'capital appear "vacuum" of military, So nvzhen,DangXiang were in chaos. After Anlushan rebellion, Tibetan occupied He state, Long state, assaulted chang'an, and the central government took measures to strengthen the northwest defense including the establishment of Shen'ce troop and Fangqiubing system. In the period of Jianzhong, to serve to the war, the central government and the Tibetans had a good relationship. In the years of zhenyuan, because the central government refused to cede An'xi, Beiting, etc, the relation of the two deteriorated. Pingliang union marked the wholly relationship of the two went end. The central government took the measures of improving the strengthen of the ShenCe troop, constructing frontier defense facilities of the castle, uniting HuiGe, nanzhao to isolateTibetan to prevent Tibetan' offensive. To avoid being attacked in two direction of east and west, Xianzong took compromise policy to Tibetan. However, in the years of Yuanhe, the central government started the war with Tibetan again. Changqing Union marked the basic end of the war.The space-time characteristics of the middle tang dynasty war were described in the fourth chapter. There were147times of civil war and81times of foreign war in the middle tang dynasty. In time distribution, the number and strength of the civil war and foreign war were dropping down in the middle tang dynasty. In spatial distribution, the civil war more often occured in Henan, Hebei and Guannei whereas the foreign war more often occured in Guannei and Jianna. The relationship of the civil war and foreign war was the relevance of time, the complementary and causality of space. Civil war included the war between the central government and Fanzhen, the battle between different Fanzhen, the fight inside Fanzhen. The strategies of the central government dealing with the rebellion include indirect refuse, Tibetan resisting itself, actively seeking outside military aid and so on. Characteristics. The war which was started by Dezong had the characteristic of arbitrary, hasty start and joining of Shence army and the northwest edge town army. The characteristics of the war starting by Xianzong was the involving of the minister of literary, priority to easy and so on. The essence of TangFan war is the conflict of farming and half farming, nomadic civilization. The types of the wars have military rob war, invasion and destruction war and occupying state and land war etc. The central government established the negative autumn soldiers system, didn't establish border facilities. In the relationship of civil war and foreign war, the central government implemented the strategy that "Resisting foreign aggression must first settle internal".The social influence of the middle tang dynasty war was included in the fifth chapter. From the political inspective, the war of the middle tang dynasty war changed the pattern of the Fanzhen, weakened the FanZhen'power, the war provided the external conditions to the rise of Disparate administrative systemforces. The general refused the command of Dezong in the Fengtian dilemma, thus Dezong tranfered the power again and again and contributed to the situation that the eunuchs was in charge of the soldiers. The officials of literary took an important role in the wars which was started by Xianzong, so this cause the problem of cliques. Economically, the war of the middle tang dynasty caused the reduction of the number of population and mass starvation, brought great disaster to the people. The War intensified the central government'financial crisis, tax reform, monopoly policy, overissuing monetary and economic exploitation became the means to solve the financial crisis. The war In the middle tang dynasty war for safety and two tax law method to carry out heart, also had a negative impact on the safety of water transport of grain to the capital and the implement of Lingshui law. In the realm of culture, there're a lot of poetry about the war in this period, the war changed the poet's life, life track and inner world. Meanwhile, the change of the nature of foreign wars have an impact on the creative style of the frontier poetry. War indirectly promoted the rapid development of Buddhism and became the ruling class and people's psychological hopes. Finally, the war has certain effect on the spread of culture.There are four innovation of this paper. First, the author examines the causes of war of the mid-Tang Dynasty from a system perspective and thinks that the Disparate Administrative System is the fundamental reason why large-scale wars occurred frequently in mid-Tang Dynasty. Second, the author researches the civil wars and troubles on the frontier and in order to clarify the overall situation of the wars. Third, the author statistics and analysis the spatial and temporal distribution of the civil war and foreign aggression and clarifies its basic features. Fourth, the paper reveals the relationship among the wars, politic,economy and culture and examines its social effects as a whole.