| "Su" was artificially domesticated from Setaria viridis, and its scientific name is "Setaria italica Beauv." It is Popularly named as "Guzi" in the North of China and named as "Xiaomi" after being processed, but Popularly named as "Xiaomi" in the Sorth of China. China is the largest country of Setaria Setaria viridis.'s production in the word, and more than 90% of Setaria italica Beauv. is producted in China. India, the former Soviet Union, Japan, Korea, Afghanistan, Iran, the United States, Canada, and Romania, Poland, Australia and South Africa also have a small amount of cultivation. China is the center of of Setaria italica Beauv.'s originnig having the most most glorious planting history, and has the most extensive experience in the production and using.About the issue of origin of Setaria italica Beauv., the scholars had the different viewpoints in early time. But with the increasing evidence, Setaria italica Beauv. was Completely proven being domesticated in Chian. But the specific ground of originning was still not jumping to conclusions, so we can only determine the center of Setaria italica Beauv.'s originning in the North of China. As for whether Setaria italica Beauv. was originned in the plains or mountains, This article points out that Setaria italica Beauv. was originned in the edge of mountains. This is also the remains of China's grain distribution characteristics, and the laws of the world's agriculture remains also support this. On the origin of time Setaria italica Beauv., China's Yellow River valley about 12 000 years ago on the conditions employed in the cultivation of the attempt, according to time determine the global glacial retreat. And Setaria italica Beauv. in northern China have made the discovery of remains of 7500～8000 years ago, and farming in these areas already have a long development period, and have a simple production, processing and storage capacity. In addition, during this period the temperature has improved the living environment and human settlement conditions. Therefore, reasonable to assume the agricultural origin of China's Setaria italica Beauv. should be about 10,000 years ago.The problem on remains and communication path partition of Setaria italica Beauv., the paper also made a detailed study. Currently, there are 60 around the remains of Setaria italica Beauv. in China. From the spatial distribution, the upper reaches of the Yellow River has an absolute advantage, can be called as a class of Setaria italica Beauv. area. Downstream of Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, and the Northeast, can be seen as two type II or secondary areas of Setaria italica Beauv. production. Taiwan, Tibet and Yunnan, was found only sporadic, is China's third type of grain for area. But if the point of view from time to Magnetic Hill and Peiligang represented in the Central Plains region is the earliest discovered remains of Setaria italica Beauv., it is Setaria italica Beauv.'s first regional. Eastern Dawenkou culture, Western Majiayao culture and the North Hongshan culture found levels of Setaria italica Beauv. in the second decade. Remote regions, including Xinjiang, Tibet, Yunnan, Taiwan, and Setaria italica Beauv. in these areas are found in the late Neolithic Age, these areas belong to the third category of Setaria italica Beauv. production areas. On the spread of poppy in the world, the academic point of view is basically the same, namely that the cultivation of poppy in the world by China rumored. As for the spread of poppy in the country generally believed that: Su spread to the upper reaches of the Yellow River as the center, spread west Xinjiang region, spread to the northeast Jilin and Liaoning Province, southwest spread to Tibet and Yunnan to the southeast reached the southeast coast and Taiwan.China has a long history of poppy cultivation, at least dating back to Neolithic Period. But in this nearly eight thousand long years, Setaria italica Beauv. has undergone a process of development and change. In the Prehistoric period, the prehistoric Setaria italica Beauv. production has undergone germination, formation, to the development and prosperity until the initial development process, and replaced the late Neolithic Setaria italica Beauv., and became the most important food crops in North. However, after entering a period with recorded civilization, Setaria italica Beauv. production has experienced from the original to the transition of traditional agriculture, and by the Han to the Sui and Tang dynasties peak. During this period, Setaria italica Beauv. in the "grain" of total primary position, but also in the yield of 90 kg from the earlier rose to 120 kilograms. But this pattern was broken in the Tang Dynasty, rice is gradually replaced Setaria italica Beauv. grain production in the first position, and wheat followed closely, with the grain in the same status. And to the Song and Yuan Dynasties, rice production in major grain position was fully established, and the status of the wheat gradually over the Setaria italica Beauv.. In this way, the original to Setaria italica Beauv. and wheat-based grain structure, with regard to rice and wheat-based food structure instead. After that, Setaria italica Beauv. gradually decline, until the Ming and Qing dynasties become famine crop.In ancient China, Setaria italica Beauv.'s name is diverse, and the name is rather confusing. What is Setaria italica Beauv. or sorghum (Ji), which was an outstanding issues for more than a thousand years. However, since the eighties of last century, more and more evidence that the Ji is Setaria italica Beauv. When studies the evolution of the history of the name of Setaria italica Beauv., the research paper said:"Ji" is another name of Setaria italica Beauv. in Shang and Zhou dynasties, but not commonly used when the Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty was gradually gone up." Cereal " could have been the original pictograph of Setaria italica Beauv., and later extended the general name for cereal, and the two Usage has continued to the Qing Dynasty. But it as the main name of Setaria italica Beauv. in the Warring States and Han periods, after the Song Dynasty it also refers specifically to rice in the south." Grain " was first used as a general name of cereals, and this usage has being used today, but no later than the Western Han Dynasty it has been known as the Setaria italica Beauv., and it became a common name after Wei and Jin Dynasties. Setaria italica Beauv.'s original meaning means the seed of Setaria italica Beauv., and this usage throughout ancient history. However, when the Warring States Period and Qin and Han Dynasties refers to cereal seed, it evolved into the Setaria italica Beauv.'s special name after the Wei and Jin Dynasties, may refer to plants can also refer to seeds, and it also refers specifically to rice after the Tang Dynasty. In addition, common Setaria italica Beauv., sorghum, Panicum italicum, Men, Panicum miliaceum belong Setaria italica Beauv., or ritual objects or special varieties, which are ritual objects or special varieties. Poppy cultivation in China has a long history and vast territory, during the last years of the long years, through continuous natural and artificial selection, bred a number of different varieties. Including hundreds of varieties found in historical documents, and these documents are the "Book of Songs," "pipe", "Arts for the People", "Book of General timing", "Agriculture made the first horse" and "Simple book famine" and so on. These species are often continuous for hundreds of years or thousands of years, even many varieties have been applied to the today. They retained the genes of ancient Setaria italica Beauv., for rescue and protection of the seed quality, development of new varieties, still has a very important role in transmission.The cultivation experience of ancient Chinese Setaria italica Beauv. is extensive, including farming, seeding and medium-term field management. Its main characteristics can be summarized as follows:First, form a set of multiple cropping and intercropping rotation cultivation system. Such as "Arts for the People," contained several rotation: green beans→Setaria italica Beauv.→broomcorn; soybean→broomcorn→Setaria italica Beauv.; wheat→soybean→Setaria italica Beauv.; wheat→bean→Setaria italica Beauv.; bean→hemp→Setaria italica Beauv.; bean→Guatemala→Setaria italica Beauv.; wheat→turnip→Setaria italica Beauv., and wheat intercropping Setaria italica Beauv., Setaria italica Beauv. mixed beans, grain Setaria italica Beauv. intercropping with vegetables and beans. Second, form a set of deep plowing secret agents and local conditions of farming technology system, and the emphasis on deep plowing, harrow illness (or cooked harrow) to achieve the purpose of soil moisture and drought. Third, attach importance to selection and breeding seeds, accumulated rich variety of resources, such as the stress of Setaria italica Beauv. grain selection, spike sorting and mixed breed, and also to conduct a selection before planting. Fourth, master the seed sowing rate and timely planting, and required to grasp the depth and density of planting, and pay attention to be reasonably close planting. Fifth, pay attention to product and manufacture fertilizers and fertilize rationally. And cultivate fertility, combined with support to maintain soil fertility often new and strong. Sixth, pay attention to irrigating farmland and water conservancy facilities, and carry out conditional irrigation. Seventh, do the mid-field management, such as attention to thinning, fill the gaps with seedlings and its density, enhance soil cultivation, weed and obstruct, and integrated approach to combating diseases and pests. Sowing and harvesting is a major event of crops, and the harvest is the end of farming. Ancient agricultural book have a lot of records for Setaria italica Beauv.'s harvest, whether it is harvest season, and tools, or take ear threshing methods and techniques, have devoted more detailed, and provides the basic technical experience for Setaria italica Beauv.'s harvest. Since ancient times, demands an accurate grasp of the harvest of Setaria italica Beauv., and called for quick and timely given, the appropriate early closing. On specific harvest technology, the original approach is to pick the mature ear, and later gradually replaced by harvesting tools such as stone sickles. Harvested Setaria italica Beauv. also accumulates over time, and threshing after "to be dry".In addition to specially concerned about the farming and cultivation techniques, grain storage, processing and utilization are also important. Setaria italica Beauv.'s fruit can be stored very long time, when it is mainly used in the ancient cellar storage, the latter through the development and evolution, gradually formed a warehouse, Lin, Yu and other storage methods and technology. Setaria italica Beauv.'s storage has the difference between temporary and long-term. Temporary storage generally had no fixed location, and it was accessed or transferred easily at any time. Its device has bamboo basket storage, Kui, baskets, bamboo basket and the basket and so on. Long-term storage has a fixed place and built for the long-term storage of large amount of Setaria italica Beauv.. During warehousing Setaria italica Beauv., in addition to have good storage facilities, but also take into account the humidity, heat, anti-bird, fire, earthquake and so on, to make daily protection work. Setaria italica Beauv. processing has a long history in our country, the first processing method may Chung fight, and later developed into pestle grinding. Setaria italica Beauv. processing tools are:stone plates, stone bar, Mortar and pestle, pestle and grind, most of them still used in rural areas in the north. The initial processing power of these tools are all human, but people are constantly exploring new processing power, including animal power, water, wind, etc.. In addition, grain threshing and Chung pestle, to need to separate the chaff and bran, to winnow by hand in the past, relatively lower efficiency. People invented the fan car (also known as Yang fan or fan car) in the Han dynasty, greatly improved work efficiency. After threshing, Setaria italica Beauv. can be further processed into Setaria italica Beauv.. In addition to the general stew rice, porridge and other direct consumption, the Setaria italica Beauv. can also be made into a variety of field rations. It is also important raw material for wine and vinegar. It occupies an important position in the ancient food consumption. Setaria italica Beauv. also features medicinal and forage, such as "Compendium of Materia Medica" records a lot of prescriptions, these prescriptions concise, easy to operate, guiding significance for clinical medicine. Su is also used along with the crop seed and straw. Planting Setaria italica Beauv., in addition to harvest grain, but also have a large number of aspartate and chaff, which is the important feed of livestock and poultry in the north.Setaria italica Beauv. was ancient material basis for survival and reproduction, and it is the important source of government's tax revenue, or an important symbol of the amount of social wealth. And it is related to economic, political and social stability. Therefore, rulers paid great attention to the accumulation of grain, and set up a special organization for the warehouse construction, management and use, which has a relatively complete system. However, the accumulation of grain is not entirely for the "people meter" or "state use", but often for the need of court ruling, in order to achieve long-term stability of the purpose of the King. Accumulation of grain is mainly used for military and official pension funds, others are such as construction, reward and wine, etc.. But the rulers in order to win over people's minds, they also sold or relief to the people when famine. As one of the important grain of an ancient, Setaria italica Beauv. must participate in market liquidity. The flow of the earliest forms of Setaria italica Beauv. is that Setaria italica Beauv. exchange with other physical items. With the development of the ancient commodity economy, it gradually evolved into medium of exchange. Actually performs the functions of money, but the most common form is that exchange with the currency. With the gradual exchange of commercial Setaria italica Beauv., appeared Setaria italica Beauv. trade later, including two ways of Official Chang Ping and merchants trafficking. Because food is the first demand of human existence, and is also a prerequisite for engaging in physical and mental activities, the work of the safety of Setaria italica Beauv. must be done well. Successive rulers used various methods to ensure the safety of Setaria italica Beauv., and regulated the balance of supply and demand from various aspects:Attaches great importance to grain production and management, and even formed a "valuable Setaria italica Beauv." thinking; Encourage people planting Setaria italica Beauv., and enhancing farmland water conservancy construction, to ensure the stability of the production of Setaria italica Beauv.; Implementing large-scale Farming in the border areas, increase the total supply of social Setaria italica Beauv.; Strengthen the management and regulation of Setaria italica Beauv. to ensure its security of accumulation and use.Finally, around the cultivation, processing and utilization of Setaria italica Beauv., has also created a variety of Setaria italica Beauv. culture. In China Setaria italica Beauv. had a long tradition of worship and sacrifice, which was attached importance and implementation by rulers. The princes and monarchs from the court down to the county and township officials and the people all followed with. In addition worship and ritual, the Setaria italica Beauv. cultures are more rich content, including variety of moral extended out from the Setaria italica Beauv., as well as some related Divination and folk. And even becoming a part of poetry, or hidden their feelings in scenery, or praise things and show ambition. These cultures run through the development of Chinese history, enrich Chinese cultural and spiritual life in ancient times, and made a vital contribution to the development of Chinese farming culture and the of progress social civilization. |
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