Song Literati Business

Song Dynasty was an important transformation period,and it had displayed certain difference in political system,economic structure, social structure, institution system, culture and so on. Scholars in joining business activities,as the complex social phenomenon,also presented the new change in Song Dynasty. The phenomenon was not ne kind accidental or the coincidence,but had the historical roots and social factors. Scholars in business was not an isolated, a single social phenomenon,and it had reflected the diversity of society in a certain extent. This essay aims at the Scholars'doing business activity, the scope and mode and characteristics, as well as its political and social influences in the Song Dynasty. Meanwhile the history of that period would be further understood through the study on Scholars the article research mainly launches from the following several aspects:The first chapter:the historical recollection of Scholars' bussiness before Song Dynasty.Doing bussiness had he history continuously,the article draw the outline of the continuity which and the difference various stages through the inspection from pre-Qin.The second chapter:the troops in commercial activities of the investigation. The article analysis the Scholars on the basis of the relevant sources on the overall from he philistine fielding in the economy of the concrete manifestations. Based on this,the article draw the overall trend:Scholars' business activities was in hidded circumstances in the early Northern Song Dynasty;then had become a common phenomenon in the late stage; scholar business spread rapidly and become a trend in the Southern Song Dynasty.The third chapter:the type and scope of scholars'business. In this chapter, it mainly discusses similarities and differences of commercial activities by examining the upper scholars (sub-senior bureaucrats, the two types of lower-level officials) and the lower scholars, on the basis that the upper scholars' activities is extremely widespread, has covered the social life aspects; and the lower range of scholars in the business was limited in the traditional livelihood of many goods and small shops. Both business areas have in common is the business of goods to people's livelihood, their biggest difference is with the top scholars can be Prohibiting power management products, and lower scholars are difficult to be.The fourth chapter:the pattern and characteristic of scholars in Song Dynasty.Their commercial activities would be devided into the sole ownership management, to rent the management, the join management and entrusts to manage by the collation and analysis of the material.The article has analyzed each kind of business model special details and the applicable scope, and regarded the scholars'activities had the promotion than the previous generation in the breadth or the depth. The business features of scholars had many difference between the upper and the lower, the former mostly relyed on the power and popularity,however, the latter take the industrious management as a characteristic.The fifth chapter:the relationship between the poverty and the doing business. This chapter attempted to revealed the relationship of scholars'poverty and the business through the relatively impoverished fact, the impoverished reason and the out of poverty. On the basement that,the paper argued that there were the massive relatively impoverished in Song Dynasty, and from the salary, the official'Shouxuan and Daique, the imperial civil service examination, the luxury together as ethnic group in one community and so on,to discussed the reasons of the scholars'poverty.Then draw a conclusion that the impoverished was the the cause of doing business.The sixth chapter:The Probing of scholars doing business from Institutional Economics. Their commecial due to a political, economic, legal, ideological, and many other reasons, the chapter introducing the theory of institutional economics, analysised the incentives from internal institutions and external institutions. The paper considerde there would be deep institution reasons:First, restricting of the system is inadequately supplied; Second, system's validity is low.The seventh chapter:The influence of scholars'business behavior in Song Dynasty. Historically, scholars'business behavior broader negative impact to contemporary society, such as business finances, the state officialdom, social trends, and business and commerce. On the other hand, the behavior had its positive impact,this mainly displays in:a number of scholar-officials for the public business, to a certain extent, eased the pressure on government finances; attacked the tradition to stress agriculture and the light business idea, further promoted merchant's status; Meanwhile, improved the living conditions of scholars.Conclusion:Sumed up main ideas of the paper,and demonstrated in full text on the basis of the important probloms.then made some extensions thinking on the scholars' ambivalence on the business, whether the high salary to raise clean,looking scholars' commercial behavior from the gambing angle ect.