The Study On The Civilian Designating System Of Qing Dynasty

In profits from the civilian designating system of Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty unifying Manchu's National characteristics and designating practice formulated a perfect designating system of civilian. By studying the system, we may not only grasp the similarities and differences between the designating policies of the Bannermen and the Chinese, but also analyze the operating procedure of the Qing government personnel policy and the assignment structure of the personnel authority, and then pry into its relationship with the Rise and Fall of the Qing Dynasty. Meanwhile, it is important for our country to formulate the national policy today, to develope the national reunification and improve the Official system.In view of its importance, a lot of research work has been carried out on the designating system of civilian, which mostly made static the outline and brief combing of the system after having custom-made according to "Qing Hui Dian"of Guang Xu and "History of Qing Dynasty", and little had the thorough discussion on its successional variation process and the system execution's situation. And what's more, there are ambiguities or even errors of the contents of "Qing Hui Dian" and "History of Qing Dynasty", but many people either quoted or copied them without understandning so that they made mistakes frequently. This article is to explain the designating concepts firstly, and grasp the content of designating system comprehensively, and then sorts out the evolution of the system, and analyzes the actual implementation of the system, and discusses its influence on the basis of a variety of documents, especially archival documents.The designating system of civilian of Qing Dynasty is extremely complicated. Speaking of the contents, it includes the categories of civilian, the system of Guanque, the type of designating, and other related systems and so on. The categories of civilian is the basis for the designating system, including three kinds:the incumbent Officials, the Houxuan Officials and the Houbu Officials. The incumbent Officials are to rise, to turn, to transfer and to change. The Houxuan Officials are to Chu. The Houbu Officials are to Bu. Being a unique system of the Qing Dynasty, the system of GuanQue has the different division methods. According to the national attribute and the official status, it can be divided into ZongshiQue, ManzhouQue, MengguQue, HanjunQue, NeiwufubaoyiQue, and HanQue. According to the methods of designating,it can be divided into QingzhiQue, JianxuanQue, KaoxuanQue, TiQue, DiaoQue, TidiaoQue, ZiQue, andXuanQue. According to four essential factors of Chong Fan Pi Nan, the Guanques of Dao Fu Ting Zhou Xian can be divided into ZuiyaoQue, YaoQue, ZhongQue, JianQue, and etc.The designating method is the core of the designating system. Speaking of the system, it mainly has four ways:Firstly, Kailie is one way designating high-ranking officials in the Qing Dynasty. It is Initially decided in the earlier Kangxi stage and becomes more customized in the scope of delegated officials, the designating method, and the organization with the development of changes in the stage of Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Xianfeng and so on. Choosing or not choosing, as well as which one is choosed, is completely decided by Emperor. However, Central ministers also make influence on Emperor's decision.Secondly, Linxuan is one way designating important posts of middle-ranking officials. According to the differences in designating methods, Linxuan is also divided into Tibu, Zibu, Jianxuan and Kaoxuan.The Tibu system of Waiguan is extremely complex, largely through four stages:appearing, initial deciding, establishing, varying. The Tibu system of Jingguan is set in the earlier Qianlong stage. The Zibu system is set in in the late Qianlong stage. The Jianxuan system and Kaoxuan system also have the variable process respectively. Their appearance and establishment is the first major adjustment on the Yuexuan system.By means of a test to meet the emperor interfered with the right personnel Thirdly, Yuexuan. It is a way of designating of junior officials. When the Manchu nationality rulers entered the Pass, they inherited Yuexuan System of Ming Dynasty's. Thereafter, on the basis, the classification Of Yuexuan was fixed, the official's scope was expanded, the procedure was perfected, and the Yuexuan System was established finally. Yuexuanyinjian System, is vital in Yuexuan System. It was established in the Stage of Kangxi. Since then, Yinjian became a very important link in the process of Yuexuan. By means of examining the junior officials, the emperors intervened the power over personnel on election officials.Fourthly, Liushou. It is a way of designating of civilian on the basis of the sequence or the cause of Chuque, which is charged by the Senior Officials of the Boards, or the Governors-general and the Governors. Appearing in the Stage of Yongzheng, it was fixed in the Stage of Qianlong and carried out comprehensively in the Late Qing Dynasty. The establishment of the Liushou system was the second major change of Yuexuan,which had a great influence on the administration of local officials in the Mid and late Qing Dynasty.In this way, the designating of civilian in Qing Dynasty forms a complex system, in which the emperor acting as the center, participated by the Board of Personnel, Council of State, the Boards, the Governors-general and the Governors. In this system, there is a clear division, mutual interconnection and influence among the various component parts, which plays the different roles.