Study On History Of Education In Guangdong Modern TCM Schools

1.AimThe development and prosperity of TCM highly relies on education.As education science is a collection of education experiences and theories by forerunners,education history provides vital sources for education science. History of medical education can be defined as the science that combined medical history and education history.In this sense,history of education in modern Guangdong TCM schools is an indispensable part in education in modern China and education in modern medicine.The remarkable achievement Guangdong modern TCM schools have gained in tortuous development certainly will provide spiritual power as well as philosophical sources for TCM higher education institute in our times.The systematic and comprehensive research on education history of Guangdong modern TCM schools is rarely seen except very general studies. Therefore some significant historical events are not recorded truly and specifically,left a lot to complement.Besides,without the compilation of medical education in modern Guangdong,it would take a great outlay of energy and time for later researchers to collect,organize documents concerned.The ongoing thesis aims to 1) organize development of education in modern Guangdong TCM schools,2) introduce achievements made in school foundation, talent cultivation,education philosophy,textbook compiling and subject construction,3) review social background,the relationship between Guangdong modern WM education and modern TCM education,the relationship between Guangdong modern TCM organization and modern TCM school education,and influence of TCM school education on Guangdong TCM industry and TCM education industry after the founding of P.R.China,4) compare education in TCM and WM. Meanwhile,with History of Modern Education in China composed by Shu Xincheng as a model,the author compiles History of Education in Guangdong Modern TCM and WM Schools,which would facilitate further study and enrich medical documents in Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine(hereinafter referred to as GUCM).2.Research methods2.1 Documents research methodAs we all know,history can be defined as a record of events.To study TCM education history in Guangdong,one has to begin with historical events. Hence,the thesis,taking document research method as the main research method, presents detailed documents concerned with education in Guangdong modern TCM schools.Four types of documents are investigated as follows:(1) Varied journals hosted by Guangdong modern TCM and WM schools and medical group,such as Teaching Materials of Guangdong Medicine Beneficence Association,Teaching Materials of Guangzhou Medicine and Health Association, Journal of Guangdong TOM School,Yi Lin Yi E,Journal of TCM,Journal of Guangdong Guanghan Medicine,Bo Ji,Journal of Guanghua Medicine and Health, Medicine and Health,etc.This type of documents mainly comes from Wen De branch of Sun Yat-sen library.(2) Various textbooks and lecture notes published by Guangdong modern TCM and WM schools from Wen De branch of Sun Yat-sen library and Ancient Literature Collection of GUCM library.(3) Achieves of Guangdong modern TCM and WM schools from Guangdong Provincial Achieves.(4) Published documents related with Guangdong modern TCM and WM schools, such as History of Medical Education Home and Abroad by Zhu Chao,Guangdong TCM Education by Liu Xiaobin,Modern History of TCM by Deng Tietao,TOM in the South of Five Ridges by Shen Yingsen,and History of Education in Guangdong Higher Education WM Institutes by Wen Zongyi.2.2 Interview investigation methodFor all the related documents,the author has already specified above whereas for the experts or scholars in education of Guangdong TCM schools, the author decides to hold interview with them to make the documents faithful.2.3 Comparison method and analysis methodSince the education in Guangdong TCM schools is closely related with political,economic and cultural background as well as WM,the thesis chooses comparison method and analysis method to 1) discuss the relationship between social background in Ming & Qing dynasty and school education;2) probe into the relationship between modern TCM organization and school education;3) explore the influence and enlightenment of school education upon TCM industry and TCM education industry after the founding of P.R.China and TCM education in our times;and 4) compare the TCM education and WM education.3.Research contents and conclusionThe contents and conclusion in this research include following five elements:3.1 Background of founding Guangdong modern TCM schools.It mainly talks about 1) development of economy,culture and education in Ming & Qing dynasty,2) introduction of WM and development of WM education, 3) birth of TCM organizations.In the early Ming dynasty,with the separation of Guangdong region as Guangdong province,the frequent economic exchanges with outside following facilitate cultural exchanges with the world and pave the way for introduction of WM and development of WM education.In the Ming & Qing dynasty,Lingnan culture is becoming mature.In the Ming dynasty,different types in Confucian school appear and in the early Qing dynasty,Lingnan medicine witnesses prosperity.The painting and poetry,and music and opera in the Ming & Qing dynasty cultivate humanistic quality for those TCM experts in Lingnan.With the rapid growth of academies in the Ming & Qing dynasty,most TCM experts in Lingnan are masters in both medicine and Confucianism.From these,we can conclude TCM practitioners at that time are in very high level quality with knowledge of history,philosophy and medicine.This comprises the origin of Guangdong modern TCM education.On the eve of Opium War,WM is introduced to China.At first,U.K.sends its missionary doctors as a cover to mask its filthy opium trade.Later,cowpox vaccination is introduced,which marks the foundation of WM in modern Guangdong. Then when missionary doctors begin to build up hospital and clinic,and to translate some western books,it is the beginning of WM in Guangdong and a basis for WM education in modern Guangdong.The schools established in modern times include Bo Ji Medical School,Xia Ge Female Medical School,Medical School of Lingnan University,Guang Hua Medical School,Guangdong Public Security Medicine Specialty School,Medical School of Sun Yat-sen University and other WM schools.All of these schools lay foundation for higher education WM education after liberation.WM and WM education in modern times leave a profound impact on TCM and TCM education.No matter in organization establishment,educational system, subject construction,course arrangement or textbook compiling,one can witness imprinting of WM.3.2 Establishment and development of Guangdong modern TCM schoolsIndeed,these TCM schools are not built up overnight;instead,they are set up through constant exchanges and studies in medical circle.In the late Ming dynasty and the early Min dynasty,the imperial system of examination is abolished and schools are coming up.At that time,education is the basis of the nation and medicine is of the vital importance for the public.TCM groups and medicine dealers' guilds,which give TCM education or build TCM schools, are intricately related with TCM education in modern Guangdong.This thesis explores the relationship between TCM groups,nine charity institutes, Guangdong Hong Kong medicine dealers' association and TCM education.The TCM groups include Guangzhou Medicine Beneficence Association,Guangzhou Medicine and Health Association,Guangdong TCM Instructor School and Guangdong Medicine Internship Association.The nine charity institutes include Cheng Xi Hospital, Chong Zheng Charity Hospital,Si Miao Charity Hospital,Ai Yu Charity Hospital, Hui Xing Charity Hospital,Guang Ji hospital,Zan Yu Medical Center,Ru Shen Association,Zhi De Child Hospital.Guangdong and Hong Kong medicine dealers' guilds include three Hong Kong medicine dealers' guilds and eight Guangzhou medicine dealers.On basis of this,the thesis focuses study on Guangdong TCM Specialty School,Guangdong Guang Han TCM Specialty School,Guangzhou Han Xing TCM School, and Guangdong Mei Xian TCM Specialty School from school history,investment & facilities,system of education & course arrangement,faculty & students, textbooks & journals and famous TCM education experts.It is worth noting that Guangdong Mei Xian TCM Specialty School,which tops the other TCM schools outside Guangzhou,deserves our attention.Besides,two Hong Kong schools, Hong Kong TCM Research Institute and Hong Kong China TCM School are also included for study since Hong Kong TCM schools,who keep in close contact with its Guangdong counterparts,give their fully support in TCM resistance movement in Guangdong.Some other TCM schools will also be briefly introduced, namely,Guangzhou Mei Xian New TCM Association,Chao An TCM School,Hui Yang Kai Ming TCM School,Tai Shan TCM School,Bo Tan TCM Night School,Bo Tan TCM Specialty School,Guangdong Bao Yuan TCM Specialty School and South China TCM School.It is the innovation of this thesis to reorganize Guangdong TCM education history and to study history,textbook and education philosophy of varied TCM schools in Guangdong.3.3 Resistance and salvation movement in Guangdong TCM circleTCM education in modern Guangdong undergoes trials and tribulations to have its own independent status,especially during ruling of Northern Warlords Government and Naijing National Government.With no exaggeration,history of education in modern Guangdong TCM schools is a history of education in TCM, as well as a history of struggle and salvation in TCM field.Accordingly some studies are made to retell the historical events,including the exlusion of TCM in education system in the Min and Yuan dynasty,"Bill on Abolition of TCM" by the first session of central health committee member conference of Ministry of Health in Nanjing National Government,name changing of TCM schools to training institute and exclusion of TCM schools to national education system, protest from Guangdong TCM circle and support from TCM groups overseas.3.4 Textbook compiling in Guangdong modern TCM schoolsIn 1929,national TCM textbook edition meeting was held in Shanghai.It is an important event in modern TCM education history and a mark of maturity of TCM education in China.The subjects fixed up in the meeting are the same with that provided by Guangdong TCM Specialty School,who wins remarkable recognition from the representatives at present.So the author decides to introduce textbook compiling in Guangdong modern TCM schools.3.5 Collection of documents of education history in Guangdong modern TCM and WM schoolsIt is a convention that to study history,one first has to go with document organizing.In history,Li Tao writes A Sequel to the Long Compilation of the Historical Events Retold as a Mirror for Government based on the Historical Events Retold as a Mirror for Government by Si Maguang and Wu Qijun compiles the Long Compilation of Plant.Names and Pictures based on Plant Names and Pictures.Consequently the author,taking History of Modern Education in China by Shu Xincheng as a model,compiles History of Education in Guangdong Modern TCM and WM Schools,attached in the annex.The documents of Guangdong modern TCM school education,spread in varied journals of medicine schools and medical groups,serves high value for study on history of Guangdong modern TCM education.Without the compilation of these documents,it takes much time for scholars to explore,collect and organize if they intend to make systematic and in-depth study concerned.As time lapses, some journals are damaged and missed,and more precious literatures continue to be in the risk of missing.In Guangzhou Sun Yat-sen library for example, some important journals are incomplete,such as Sin-France Medicine,(only the second issue kept down),Guang Hua Medicine and Health and Journal of Guangdong TCM Specialty School.Considering this,the author intends to collect and organize all these valuable documents and to compile History of Education in Guangdong Modern TCM and WM Schools based on History of Modern Education in China by Shu Xincheng.This action would lay a foundation for future study on Guangdong modern TCM and WM school education and help to enrich literature building in GUCM by preserving all these precious documents.Since no one is engaged in the study before,it can be seemed another innovation of this thesis.4.ConclusionIn the early of the Ming dynasty,with the setting up of Guangdong province, Guangdong has undergone fast progress in economy,culture and education.For the TCM practitioners at that time,they are all skilled physicians with knowledge of history,philosophy and medicine,which becomes one of the bases for Guangdong modern TCM school education.The modern WM and WM school education leave far-reaching influence on TCM and TCM school education.The progress of TCM in organization setting,system of school,discipline construction,course arrangement and textbook compiling is in conformity with the progress of social development.In this sense,it plays an indispensable role in Chinese modern education and modern medical education;accordingly its historical status shall be recognized.TCM groups and medicine dealers' guilds in the late Qing dynasty and the early Min dynasty give rise to birth of Guangdong TCM schools.After 1924, TCM education is carried in schools.Although TCM schools suffer from frustration and torture as Northern Warlords Government and Kuomingtang Government exert strict confinement on TCM,Guangdong TCM schools make remarkable contribution to save Chinese national treasure in building schoolhouses and hospitals,compiling textbooks,cultivating students and setting up journals,laying foundation for progress of Guangdong TCM industry after liberation.The TCM predecessors in Guangdong contribute to education,medical care and scientific research of TCM nowadays.Therefore,this paper is dedicated to those TCM forerunners who endure hardship in pioneering work and those TCM educators who bear diligence and conscience in TCM education.