Systematic Biology Of The Order, Families, Genera Of The Umbilicariales Based On The Phenotype And Genotype And Their Significance For Systematic Biology In Genera

The lichen-forming fungal family Umbilicariaceae is located as an "isolated island" inthe fungal classification system according to its phenotypic characteristics, and it has beenplaced in the order Lecanorales for a long time. Until2007, the Umbilicariaceae was includedin the new order Umbilicariales (Lecanoromycetes, Pizizomycotina, Ascomycota, Dikarya,Fungi), which supported by both the molecular and morphological data. Studies on this orderhave been made by many lichenologists in the world, and plenty of paper researched thesystematic position of the species of the order based on the sequence of ITS, LSU, and SSU.But almost no paper restricted to the full length of LSU rDNA has been published. Accordingto Darwin's theory of common descent, comprehensive analysis of the order, families, generaof the Umbilicariales was implemented based on both the morphological characteristics andmolecular data. Phylogenetic relationship of the order was investigated using the full-lengthsequences of LSU rDNA. The main results and conclusions presented in this thesis are asfollows:(1) A comprehensive taxon study was taken on the family Umbilicariales thorugh themorphology, and anatomy conserved in the Herbarium Mycologicum AcademiaeSinicae-Lichenes (HMAS-L).(2) Almost the full-length sequences of ITS and LSU rDNA from33species of the orderUmbilicariales were obtained in this study. In addition, the whole length of ITS and LSUsequence from3species (Dermatocarpon miniatum, Usnea bismolliuscula, and Ramalina sp.)were amplified, which used as outgroup taxa.(3) In order to determine the phylogenetic position of the taxon and investigate preliminarilyon the interspecific distance among the genera, the tree of cluster analysis based on ITSsequences was built. At the same time, those results also can prove that there are five familiesin the order, such as Umbilicariaceae, Rhizoplacopsidaceae, Ophioparmaceae, Elixiaceae andFuscideaceae, and Boreoplaca ultrafrigida is the correct name for Rhizoplacopsis weichingii.(4) Previous studies have shown that the LSU rDNA can be divided into12structure region(each region including the conserved region and Divergent region) in terms of the differentevolutionary rates. In this study, as an example of Umbilicaria esculent, we also found11 structure region in the order Umbilicariales, and built a diagram of Umbilicaria esculentaLSU rDNA gene structure.(5) The phylogenetic analysis of the order, families, genera of the Umbilicariales wasimplemented based on the full-length sequences of LSU rDNA. Combined with the moleculardata,3characteristic sequences of the order Umbilicariales (Oa, Ob, Oc) and4characteristicsequences of the family Umbilicariaceae (Fa, Fb, Fc, Fd) were found in the variable region ofthe LSU rDNA sequences. There were2characteristic sequences of Umbilicaria (Ua, Ub) and1characteristic sequences of Lasallia (L) found in the conserved region of the LSU rDNAsequences. The sits of those characteristic sequences were shown in the diagram ofUmbilicaria esculenta LSU rDNA gene structure. Combined with the phenotypic data, westress the integrative analysis of phenotypic and genotypic features in systematic lichenology.These results have provided Darwin's theory of common descent with both the molecular andmorphological evidences. These visible evidences can be included in the diagnoses anddescriptions of the order, families, genera of the Umbilicariales. This classification includingits descriptions is based on both the visible morphological and visible molecular data.(6) Based on the previous report, three characteristic sequences of true fungi (A, B, C), one ofAscomycota (As) and another one of Basidiomycota (Ba) were revised and identified in theconserved region in our study. The sits of those characteristic sequences were shown in thediagram of Umbilicaria esculenta LSU rDNA gene structure. The integrative analysis ofphenotypic and genotypic features in systematic lichenology was investigated on the fungi,Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. The classification including its descriptions based on boththe visible morphological and visible molecular data also can be used in the fungi,Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota.(7) One characteristic sequences of Eukaryote (E) and one characteristic sequences of Cellorganism (Y) were tested in the study. The sits of those characteristic sequences were shownin the diagram of Umbilicaria esculenta LSU rDNA gene structure. The integrative analysisof phenotypic and genotypic features in systematic lichenology was also investigated on them,respectively. The classification including its descriptions based on both the visiblemorphological and visible molecular data also can be used in Eukaryote, and Cell organism.