Study On The Model Of Coal Village Relocation In China

Promoting ecological progress is an important part of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, concerning not only Chinese people’s welfare, but also the nation’s future. While participating in and enjoying the achievements of the socialist modernization drive, Chinese people are expecting for better ecological environment. How to protect our environment while developing land resources, especially energy resources, has become an important topic for discussion at present and for a long time in the future. In terms of energy resources, China is rich in coal, poor in oil and lack of natural gas, with the share of coal accounting for about 70 percent in the total energy mix. China is the largest producer and consumer of coal in the world. The exploitation of mineral resources will inevitably change the original local features, resulting in damage to land and vegetation and even breaking the ecological balance. Though coal exploitation has contributed a lot to China’s social and economic development, contradictions between land and people in coal mining subsidence areas are getting more and more sharp. Therefore, how to reduce the damage to local land and buildings during the coal mining and ensure a new life for relocated villagers has become a top priority for governments at all levels while building a harmonious mining area and beautiful countryside, as well as accelerating the urbanization process. Scholars are also paying their attention to this problem.The main contents and results of this paper are as follows:Statistics show that during the period of 1988~2008, the area of land expropriation and damage was 3.33 million hectares, and the area of land damage per year was 0.33 million hectares. During the period of 2009~2014, the area of land expropriation and damage was 10.04 million hectares, and the area of land damage per year was 1.67 million hectares. In the past ten years, the total land area damaged by six kinds of production projects was 2.36 million hectares, with the largest proportion, or 30.31%, caused by coal projects. In our country, the total coal reserves under buildings, rail roads and water stand at 13.79 billion tons, of them the coal reserves under buildings are 8.76 billion tons which includes 5.22 billion tons under villages. In the plain areas such as Hebei, Shandong, Henan and Anhui provinces that are densely populated while villages concentrated, the coal reserves under villages account for more than 55% of the total reserves under villages in the country. The coal village relocation is inevitable in some mining areas. However, disputes have emerged among different villages and contradictions surfaced between industrial land and residential land, due to huge land demand for relocation.This paper discussed the main problems occurred in the traditional relocation of coal villages. First, the land use is crude and inefficient and the villages look dirty, chaotic and poor. Second, the land supply and the site selection in the relocation is in a dilemma. Third, it’s difficult to reach a win-win situation with only simple administrative solutions involved. Fourth, the existing relocation models are rife with problems and research on new models is insufficient. For the above reasons, on the basis of theoretical and practical significance, the research purpose and research technical routes are determined. Meanwhile, combined with relevant research at home and abroad, a comprehensive analysis is made, and the research contents, research methods, data sources and technical routes of this paper are presented.There are three practical problems in the village relocation that need to be addressed. The first is how to obtainthe construction land quotas and keep the balance between the land expropriation and replenishment. The second isto explore the possibility whether the coal villages can be relocated without land expropriation. The third is to discuss if there are better solutions to relocate coal villages. However, they are faced with the plight – shortage of funds. In this paper, the concept model and logical model of “land expropriation once- replenish more”, is constructed to compare with the traditional relocation model. Under the premise of not reducing the number of relocated people, this new relocation model cuts the area of the land requisition by a wide margin and realize the economical and intensive use of land through land concentration. At the same time, the mining subsidence land is managed in advance through many times of relocation and dynamic reclamation, which helps avoid the waste of a large number of land due to untimely traditional reclamation. The linkage between the circulation of the land use quotas, the local construction land quotas and the land market, not only eases the tension of the construction land quotas, but also provides a certain channel for the reclamation funds through the inflow of quotas to the land market, and thus it helps optimize the allocation of land resources in the region. The empirical analysis shows that the relocation of coal villages in Huainan, Anhui Province, not only effectively solved the problems of the construction land use quotas and the balance between land expropriation and replenishment.Another concept model and quantitative model RF-OL are also constructed. Differing from the traditional relocation models and combined with the dynamic reclamation, it solved the problems of supply amount of the construction land and the balance between the land expropriation and replenishment by utilizing the land expropriation and the replenishment model based on every stage’s reclamation situation, the number of relocated people and the per-capita construction land. Taking one coal mine in Shandong Province for example to analyze the RF-OL model. The research results show that the new RF-OL model combined with periodical dynamic reclamation can be a good solution to the problems and has an exemplary effect on the relocation of the coal villages with high ground-water levels.The “no land expropriation, no replenishment” model ensures that the coal villagers have the right to select the relocation site on their own through the residence land transfer within the county. At the same time, it solves the problem of coal villagers’ housing and life and helps to turn the villagers into urban dwellers. Through the reclamation of old site and the transfer of the added quotas of construction land, local governments and mining enterprises can successfully address the reclamation financial problems. The new “no land expropriation, no replenishment” model not only solves the supply of construction land quotas and the balance between land expropriation and replenishment, but also solves the problem of the source of land reclamation funds. On the other hand, it helps to build the beautiful countryside, accelerate new urbanization, and attain the social and ecological objectives of the reclamation.In this paper, both the “RF-OL” and “land expropriation once- replenish more” are considered the practical models for village relocation under the condition of mine compensation and sufficient capital. But it is difficult for local governments and mining enterprises to overcome the heavy financial and social burden brought by relocation compensation and land reclamation. Guided by the theory of land development, land control, the contradictions between people and land, theory of intensive land use and so on, this paper, with land acquisition, land reclamation, rural land system reform theory, new urbanization and the beautiful countryside as the political and theoretical support, systematically combs the existing problems and advantages of the coal village relocation. Based on the deeper analysis of the theory, system and policy, the technical specification, a dispersed market-oriented model- “no land expropriation, no replenishment”- is designed and aimed at the coal village relocation in the eastern plain with high ground-water levels.