Study On The Change Of Factor Endowment, Biased Technology Progress And Agricultural Economic Growth

Condition change of agricultural factor endowments is logical starting point of analyzing our agricultural economy problems and it is the basic factor that determines agricultural economic growth. For a long time, “more people less land” reflects the basic situation of agricultural factor endowment in our country, with the development of agricultural progress, the situation has changed slowly. China’s "demographic dividend" advantage gradually disappears, rural labor transfer speeds up and rural labor force has become increasingly scarce in young adults, rapidly rising labor costs. Since the new century, the number of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery employees reduced from 328 million in 2000 to 274 million in 2011. From the point of total sown area of crops, since China’s reform and opening up, the total trend presents a growth, from 145.8377 million hm2 in 1981 to 162.2832 million hm2 in 2011. The rapid development of agriculture accumulated a large amount of capital, since 1997, the agricultural capital growth significantly promoted, grew by an average of $31.194 billion during 1997-2011, which grows to 625.971 billion yuan in 2011. At the same time, the technology innovation made great progress in the field of agriculture in our country, the new technology is widely used in modern agricultural production practice; technical progress gradually becomes an important force to promote the growth of agricultural economy in our country.According to the theory of induced technological innovation, changes of agriculture factor endowment will cause agricultural technology progress. What kind of changes has taken place of agriculture factor endowment in our country since the reform and opening? What kind of differences has existed in different regions? What kind of bias does agricultural technology advancement present under the background of agricultural factor endowment change? On the conditions that agriculture factor endowment changes and agricultural technology advancement presents bias, what characteristics does the coupling coordination between them show? What influence do agricultural technological progress bias and its adaptation to the factor endowment have on agricultural economic growth in China? This article will analyze the above questions one by one.First of all, based on theory of factor endowments, on the basis of related research, the article analyzes agriculture factor endowments characteristics in our country from time and space since the reform and opening. Secondly, the total factor productivity(TFP) decomposition method through extended DEA- Malmquist index is used to measure the national and provincial agricultural technical progress in China’s bias. Thirdly, the coupling coordination degree and its regional differences between agricultural technology progress and factor endowments from 1981 to 2011 are analyzed by using the coupling coordination model. Fourthly, the decoupling model of agricultural factor endowment and economic growth is constructed to examine the decoupling relationship between agricultural labor force elements, capital elements and land elements and economic growth. Fifthly, the agricultural total factor productivity characterized by Solow residual method is used to deduce relationship between changes of agricultural factor endowments change, technology progress bias and economic growth, and empirical analysis of the related data is made; finally, the full text is summarized, and some corresponding policy Suggestions are put forward.This research mainly draws the following conclusions:Firstly, the overall agricultural factor proportion of our country has little difference and agricultural capital elements have a slightly higher proportion. According to each factor fluctuation, agricultural capital element structure index volatility is the most obvious, and the index of land structure is the most stable. In terms of each region, the change of agricultural factor endowment exists certain differences; since the reform and opening, China’s agricultural factor structure has a significant spatial positive correlation. Among which, spatial positive correlation of agricultural labor force elements is the most outstanding, global correlation between the agricultural capital factor and labor elements is declining, and the index of land element structure is relatively stable; Agricultural factor endowments structure presents local space and time difference, space difference of agricultural land factor structure index in certain regions presents the expanding trend.Secondly, regional agricultural technical progress in China presents a certain bias as a whole since 1982. Compared to three regions, agricultural progress bias of the eastern part of our country is the most obvious, agricultural technology progress bias of the western region hindered the improvement of agricultural productivity; Overall, agricultural technical progress in China represents a feature of saving capital elements. Agricultural technical progress in eastern part of our country tends to save capital elements, agricultural technology progress of the central region of our country in the 1980 s tend to save labor force, then tends to save capital elements, and elements bias of agricultural technological progress in western part of our country is unstable; The early reform and opening up, most areas of agricultural technology progress are unbiased or prefer to save land elements. Since 2002, the agricultural technology is gradually reduced as neutral region, the agricultural technology progress tend to save more and more capital elements or labor elements.Thirdly, coupling between China’s agricultural technological progress and factor endowments is incomplete; certain differences exist in different regions. The speed of the agricultural structure of factor endowments upgrade lag behind the speed of agricultural technology progress, the coupling between them is not optimistic, and presents a "U" type trend, the coupling coordination between them has a greater degree of improvement; Around the range of agricultural technology progress and factor endowment of coupling and coupling coordination there exist certain differences. In 2011, Beijing and Tibet agricultural technology progress and factor endowment is still in a low stage coupling; At present, the most areas of agricultural technology progress and the coupling coordination of factor endowments belongs to moderate type coupling coordination, only four provinces of Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Guangdong is highly coupled coordination model.Fourthly, at the national level, decoupling state between agricultural capital, labor elements structure index and agricultural economic growth from 1982 to 2011 is weak decoupling, and decoupling of land elements structure index and agricultural economic growth is slightly strong. From provincial level, agricultural labor force structure index and the agricultural economy growth as strong decoupling is reduced, its distribution is concentrated in the southwest and in the east China; decoupling type between capital structure index and agricultural economic growth changed before and after1995; Since 1998, strong decoupling of the agricultural land structure index and the agricultural economic growth gradually reduce, and areas with the weak decoupling relationship are increased.Fifthly, since the reform and opening, our country agriculture elasticity of substitution between capital and labor factor is less than 1, the relationship between them is complementary; Technological progress efficiency of agricultural labor force grow faster than agricultural capital efficiency of technological progress. Two elements in the agricultural capital stock and labor conditions, China’s agricultural technological progress tends to capital elements, but also shows the characteristics of a certain stage. The efficiency of capital factors drop inhibits the growth of total factor productivity of agriculture, and improvement of the efficiency of agricultural labor force elements promoted the agricultural total factor productivity growth. In recent years agricultural technological progress of our country tends to capital elements, to a certain extent, promoted the growth of total factor productivity of agriculture in our country, the agricultural technology progress towards low coupling with agricultural changes of factor endowments hinders the agricultural economic growth in China.The innovation ideas of this study are as follows:Firstly, this research analyzes agricultural technology progress bias and agriculture economic growth regarding agriculture factor endowment change as the logical starting point, from the source to further analyze the relevant problems. Most existing studies focus on the impact of a single element change, ignore the agricultural relative changes in different species may impact on agricultural technological progress bias and economic growth is more profound. Compared with similar studies, the logical starting point of this study can be more close to agriculture changes of objective facts in our country, the analysis of the related problems is more accurate.Secondly, the application of the extended DEA- Malmquist index is used to measure the total factor productivity index decomposition method for provincial level in our country agricultural technology progress bias. In agricultural technology progress research, only a few researches involves two kinds of elements, including the agricultural technological progress bias, but also did not consider possible differences in performance among provinces. This article includes land, capital and labor elements of agricultural technological improvement under the measure bias, and analyzed its temporal variation characteristics, compared with the existing research, research of this paper is helpful to our country agricultural technology progress bias to form a more comprehensive understanding.Thirdly, the existing research analyzing the influence factors of agricultural economic growth emphasizes the inputs or the contribution of technological progress, not consider the impact of technological progress bias. This study uses Solow residual method to measure the total factor productivity growth rate index decomposition method, the factors affecting agricultural total factor productivity growth is decomposed into effect factor productivity growth, technological progress bias effect and the synthetically effects of the technological progress bias and factor endowments, and uses the relevant data for the empirical analysis, to a certain extent, make up the deficiency of existing research.