Reserch On Effect Of Irrigation Facilities Supply Based On Income Level Differences

The Effective supply of rural public products play an indispensable role in the ruraleconomic development, farmers’ living standards improvement and the urbanizationpromotion. As the foundation of the national economy, agriculture plays an vital role in theeconomic development of our country since we have the third highest cultivated land in theworld. The supply of irrigation facilities, which directly affect the agricultural output benefit,is an important part of the agricultural product system. The development of irrigation facilitiesin China has made remarkable achievements even after several setback since1949. Theeffective irrigation area improve form223million mu in1949to9.05million mu in2012.However, we still face many challenges with the remarkable achievement as well. Theshortage of irrigation facilities supply, the disfunctional supply structure, the maintenance andmanagement problem of the facilities is too weak to evoke the attention of us.In practicalresearch, we found that duet to the lack of grass-roots service system and the weakness ofmanagement, farmland irrigation to "the last kilometer" problem is still outstanding. Althoughthe water irrigation facilities is in good condition in some farmlands. Moreover, during theprocess of irrigation supplying, there exists discrepancy between the different supply level ofirrigation facilities and the demand of farmers with different income level because of theignoring of the demand disparities between farmers with different agricultural income. Whichleading to the further reduces of the farmers’ expectation towards irrigation facilities providedby the government, worsen the disfunctional supply structure. Therefore, the supplyefficiency need to be improved.The evaluation of irrigation facilities supply efficiency not only including the objective effect(the ratio of effective evaluation), but also including the subjective effect, namely, manyfarmers individuals’ subjective judgment based on the combination of demand, supplysituation and the rational expectations. Theoretically speaking, complex behavior of theindividuals demand can break through the traditional economics assumption of homogeneity,characterized by individual heterogeneity of the difference of their agricultural income.Moreover, under the premise of the obviously strengthen of hierarchical evolutionary trendinduced by the agricultural income growth. Farmers with different agricultural incomedisparity has increasingly showed obvious characteristics of behavior preferences and demandpreference, the demand discrepancy for the water irrigation and other public products isincreased apparently because of farmers’ income difference.Therefore, the evaluation of waterirrigation supply from farmers’ level by means of demand preference possess the attributes offarmers’ income difference. Irrigation facilities supply level induce to farmers to generatedemand for irrigation facilities, farmers’ demands will affect the behavior of providers,thereby promoting the needs and wishes of farmers supply levels coupled. The degree ofcoupling between Supply levels of irrigation facilities and farmers’ demands will not only affect the effective irrigation area ratio, also affect psychological expectations of farmers onthe supply of irrigation facilities. So, from the perspective of farmers’ agricultural incomedifference, focus on the initiative of the farmers demand expression and individuals’involvement, connecting with the objective study of the effect evaluation of irrigationfacilities is the priority of public administration. What’s more, this problem is also a priorityfor government in the process of the equalization of public service. So, what’s the result ofagricultural water supply efficiency from the perspective of agricultural income difference?What’s the relationship between water supply level, farmers’ demand and the supplyefficiency? How to improve the supply efficiency of irrigation facilities? That’s the mainresearch questions of this dissertation.Based on the previous researches of public goods supply and the theory of public goods,by using effective and abundant research methods, this dissertation make comprehensivelyresearch about the demand and supply of water irrigation from the perspective of evaluationof supply efficiency of irrigation facilities and income level difference. First, developmentprocess of the supply of irrigation facilities is elaborated, analyze and summarize the variousdevelopment stages of the characteristics of the supply of irrigation facilities, and discuss thescale of supply of irrigation facilities, the supply structure and regional differences in thecurrent.Secondly, construct irrigation facilities supply level evaluation system, using factoranalysis and evaluating supply level of irrigation facilities on surveyed provinces(autonomous regions), compare to differences between them; On this basis, use Tobit modelto study the impact factors; Again, according to the income level of farmers grouped, analyzechanges about farmers’ demands with income level arising; use hierarchical lineareconometric model, introducing farm household characteristics, village characteristics, andother control variables, explore the relationship of between the wishes of farmers’need.Finally, apply farmers satisfaction and with irrigation effective supply rate to reflect theeffect of irrigation facilities, building Structural Equation Model to explore the interactionbetween supply level, farmers’ demand and the supply efficiency. Meanwhile, other factors,especially the farmers’ income level difference is also take into account as the influencingfactors towards supply efficiency.Main research conclusion in this dissertation are as follows:1. Since1949, the supply of irrigation facilities in our country has experienced five historicalstage: namely, the government organized supply mode, the rural collective managementsupply mode, mainly farmers compulsory supply modes, mainly farmers accumulative supplyway and the diversified supply method; The five stages can be divided into three period ofdevelopment, the rapid growth of the construction of irrigation facilities, low developmentperiod and sustained growth period. Through analysis of each stage we got the followingresult: the government still be the main supplier of irrigation facilities, the lack of governmentsupply inevitably lead to the stagnation even backwards of the irrigation facilities’construction; From the perspective of the evolutionary traces of the irrigation facilities supplymethod, the role of government in water irrigation facilities supply is gradually weak, privatesupply is increasing. Water irrigation facilities construction in China has obvious regionalcharacteristic. Overall, the east part is in the first place, followed by the central region, thewest part is less development.The central region is developing rapidly.There are villages of new irrigation facilities accounted for58%, the average amount of total investment facilitiesfor439,600yuan, government investment is the largest share in the past five years in surveyarea; irrigation is mainly surface water, groundwater accounted for about1/5; channelhardening rate of nearly60percent, higher than the trunk branch canal hardening rate;inadequate number of wells, and its supporting facilities are mainly dominated by privatesupply; primary water managers duty is single, irrigation facilities maintenance is not in place,and face predicament of the funds shortage.2. Irrigation facilities in our country is below the average level and the regionaldifference is huge. Ningxia province has the highest level of irrigation facilities, followed byShandong province, Shaanxi province is in third place, Henan province has the lowestscores.The channel construction, channel dredging and related facilities construction isdevelop rapidly in the area with high supply level of irrigation facilities,on the contrary, theconstruction of new facilities is stagnation in the area with low level of irrigation facilitiessupply; In four areas where the average score of affordable supply capacity factor, and themotivation supply capacity factor is above the average, were0.01,0.05respectively.However,the average score of basic supply ability factor,complete supply capacity factor and thedevelopmental supply capacity factor is below0, that’s means its level is lower than theaverage.The farmers income level and government support have positive influence for theimprovement of irrigation facilities supply; The number of migrant workers and the wage ofworking out have negative influence for the improvement of irrigation facilities supply;Distance away from the county seat,geographical features, the salary of grass-roots waterirrigation manager management and the ethnic forces don’t have a significant influence on thesupply of irrigation facilities.3. With the improvement of incomes level, farmers’ demand for irrigation facilities arealso improving.The empirical analysis of hierarchical linear models suggests that there existdifference in the irrigation facilities between different villages, farmers’ demand discrepancyfor water irrigation facilities is depend on the water irrigation facilities distribute in differentvillages and farmers’ characteristics.Overall, the mainly influencing factors that have impactson the demand for irrigation facilities are villages characteristic, the number of watermanagement, the total number of wells, irrigated area ratio, the difference between theexpectations price and actual price, the difference between the expectations waiting time andactual waiting time, the influence of other factors to farmers’ demand is difference..Farmers’ characteristics and the willingness to cultivate have no effect on the demand. Withthe increase in farm income, village level factors has less impacts on the demand,while thehousehold level factors has more impacts on farmers’ needs.4. There are two index for the supply efficiency of irrigation facilities,including farmers ’satisfaction and irrigated area ratio. Farmers who are very satisfied and satisfied with theSupply of irrigation facilities are accounted for39.8%, the average irrigated area ratio is0.58.Supply of irrigation facilities is not in good situation. Farmers’ perception and objectiveeffects is at low level, there are still greater room for the irrigation facilities to improve. Byusing Structural Equation Model, by meas of verification the analysis process and revision of the path to decide the observed variables for each latent variable. Household income levelshas a negative impact on the supply of irrigation facilities, the higher the level of income, thelower the level of the supply of irrigation facilities, the possible cause of dragging theirrigation facilities supply efficiency improving is the lower satisfaction accompanied by thehigh income. The supply level of irrigation facilities has a significant positive effect on thesupply effect, the higher the level of supply, the better the effect of irrigation facilities supply;irrigation facilities supply level has a direct positive impact on farmers’ demands; irrigationfacilities supply level has an indirect effects on the supply efficiency, the indirect effectscoefficient is0.27; farmers’ demands have a direct impact on the effect of irrigation facilitiessupply, the lower the demand of farmers, the better effect of irrigation facilities supply.farmers’ demands for irrigation facilities has the biggest impact on the supply effect, that’smeans farmer’s demand is the most critical element of the irrigation facilities supplyefficiency.