Research On The Evolution, Self-replication And Mutation Characteristics In Evolution Of Internet Macroscopic Topology

In recent years, the number of users is increasing rapidly with the development of electronic commerce and network services, especially using mobile phone to surf the Internet gets more popularization. It puts forward new requirements on the speed of Internet and the quality of service of Internet. It makes the hardware and software design of Internet face new challenges. The research on Internet is the current hot issue and major content in research fields. It attracts the attention of a lot of research specialist staffs and they had achieved fruitful results.There are two methods for solving the above problems. One method is to analyse and solve problem through the micro perspective, such as redesign of routing protocol, design of congestion control strategy and access gateway selection etc. Another method is to parse the structure of Internet through macroscopic topology, which getting the corresponding characteristics, finding the rule of Internet. The second method based on statistical theory is used in this paper. Through the analysis of massive Internet data, the evolution, self-replication and mutation characteristics in evolution of Internet macroscopic topology were abstracted. According to the characteristics, it will play a great role in promoting the design of the next generation Internet and the construction of IOT as well as the research of security defense of Internet.Firstly, the AS-level, router-level and IP-level data used in this paper is collected from fifteen monitors of CAIDA. The data is revised and merged so that it can make up the missing edges caused by the single point measurement and provide the correct data for the later chapters effectively.Secondly, the degree evolution of birth and death nodes is analyzed. By analyzing massive IP-level Internet data of CAIDA Ark project, characteristics of birth and death nodes’ degree distribution and power-law distribution are obtained. Because birth edges do not accord with preferential attachment, the theory of the rich becoming richer has little significance on dynamic topology and nodes with high degree do not bring great impact on birth nodes. As a result of research, the number of the stable edge has stable probability distribution which explored the universal law of generating mechanism of Internet. This paper Takes k-core decomposition as a method, and use the actual data measured by CAIDA, the hierarchy characteristics of birth and death nodes in IP-level topology is analyzed dynamically. It is indicated that stable coreness probability distribution of birth and death nodes is similar, and both of them remain unchanged. By analyzing the relationship between the node degree and node coreness quantitatively, a result can be got that, there is no evident relationship among them. The coreness probability distribution of the adjacent nodes of birth nodes is similar to the adjacent nodes of death nodes, which will help the Internet hierarchy control.Thirdly, this paper has analyzed the evolution characteristics in macroscopic Internet topological evolution process, multiple characteristics in macroscopic topology at AS-level Internet, and the relationship between different characteristics; on the basis on that, the paper has researched the Internet connectivity and its power law by analyzing the rich-club, the cluster coefficient, power law degree distribution of the PDF and CCDF. The findings in strong integral connectivity of Internet distinguish this research from former ones. This paper has demonstrated the significance of core number to the hierarchy of topological measurements, and explained that core number could be used to describe more accurate topological levels of the Internet. Through the core number evolution of the internet, it has been founded that there is a obvious change in Internet level with the change of time; through the research of distribution of node core numbers, this paper claimed that the core number distribution conforms to the power law in the lower area of core numbers; this paper will further analyze the relationship between node degree and core, the distribution of core degree of the same core and pointed out that importance of the highest core towards Internet. The connection between different set of core nodes reflects the correlation of the network at all levels, the study of it also found that the highest core nodes of the network is the real core of the network. The analysis of the evolution process between the central nodes and edges found that the reason for the increased index node in the center is due to the tight connections link to the existing nodes, even the edges of three types of center nodes showing a different distribution.Fourthly, the Self-replication characteristic in evolution of Internet macroscopic topology is analyzed. We renormalized the Internet by the core-thresholding coarse-grained process and Study the self-similar fractal characteristics of Internet routing topology. The self-similarity of Internet topology is analyzed in terms of degree distribution and degree correlation and clustering. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of degree distribution exponent of different KC networks, scale invariance of degree-related characteristics of Cumulative average value of neighbor nodes and fractal dimension indicates that there is self-similarity between part and whole, and part of routing level network, so as to indicates that the Internet routing topology has fractal features.Fifthly, the mutation characteristic in evolution of Internet macroscopic topology is analyzed. Base on the statistics data of topology evolution on the time span based on the authority Ipv6 IP-level data from CAIDA(The Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis),we extracted gentle and mutation evolution trend. The mutation characteristic was analyzed from the perspective of fine-grained topology. The conclusion was drawn:The mutation of the shortest path between September 2011 and October was caused by the "long side" and node number. Besides, we also find that the mutation of Internet topology is closely related to the social events and made a deduction that the IP-level topology happened easily to mutate. The proof was given by the Ipv6 IP-level topology data between Egyptian Revolution and the earthquake in Japan.The evolution, self-replication and mutation characteristics in evolution of Internet macroscopic topology are analyzed. Based on the conclusion, people can know the evolution mechanism of Internet, the prediction of Internet evolution direction and it is having a positive meaning for prevention and control of the computer viruses, it has a guiding significance on the re-design of the Internet.