A Study On The Relationship Between China And Mongolia In Hetao Area Of ​​Ming Dynasty

The purpose of this study is that a comprehensive understanding of the Ming Dynasty Chinese-Mongolian relations He tao area by easing the process of confrontation, the two sides compete for early Ming Dynasty restored the northern border areas to explore He tao area activities Mongolian tribes jacket and side walls of the intrusion in Yansui sidewall, both sides of the confrontation toward detente, and ultimately build a more peaceful environment of the frontier, and the He tao area Chinese-Mongolian relations perspective was referring to ethnic relations throughout the Nine Border Defense. Meanwhile, from a geographic perspective, discusses the geographic basis of the Chinese and Mongolian relations of the He tao area in Ming Dynasty.The results showed that the early Ming Dynasty Mingmeng sides launched a fierce battle in the northern border areas. In the He tao area, for example, Dongsheng Wei’ settings and evacuation is a typical set of historical events. Dongsheng Wei was first set in the context of a major victory in the Ming army of the Northern Expedition in Hongwu four-years.In the Hongwu five-years, the losing Lingbei battle of Ming army, forced to shrink under the context of the defense were evacuated; In the Hongwu twenty-six years in the Ming Expedition under the background of a series of military victories made again, Dongsheng Wei was set again. In Yongle reign, In order to concentrate troops and massive expedition, Zhu Di launched a massive expedition and the withdrawal of a number of health within the remote areas, Dongsheng Wei was again evacuated. It’s twice settings and evacuation basically reflected in the He tao area of contention growth and decline of the political forces between the court in Ming Dynasty and Mongolian.After the Ming Dynasty abandon Dongsheng, Mongolian tribes began to gradually enter the He tao area, experienced by the originally nomadic, long live animal husbandry developed later in the course of the He tao area. In this process, the border situation is becoming increasingly grim Ming. To address this situation, the Ming emerged within different border strategy, there are two kinds:some people advocate search sets in area of Mongolian tribes, which went to the river, the early Ming restore glory to keep coming Dongsheng keep the Loop. This group of people is called the "Sou tao faction"; some people suggested that the Mongolian tribes has entered the Loop, lost the Yellow River natural barrier, the side wall as a barrier should be built to keep the sidewall to keep the frontier. This group of people is called "Shou qiang faction". Although regarded as wise move, but the situation at that time, the majority of kit Mongol horsemen to come and go like the wind, the results have little effect doomed. "Shou qiang faction" strategy has proved quite effective in practice, sidewall sequence was built. Meaning a lot of sidewall construction, one of which is on the border areas between the court in Ming Dynasty and Mongolian, becoming contention end, the two sides since the sidewall is bounded to expand their production activities, and their military operations are not based on competition for land.After the sidewall construction, the two sides carry out their activities inside and outside the sidewall. On Mongolian tribes, in the sleeve of livestock production is the main production activities. Livestock production is the material basis of rangeland, pasture Mongolian tribes in the He tao area has a temporal change process. Into the set at the beginning, because the idea of "re-set" sending troops often found sets of the Ming. Therefore, at this pasture Mongolian tribes in the distance far away from the side walls, according to the relevant information, pasture distance from the side wall at 300 miles away possible. But with the "complex set of hope more and more remote, less action Ming search sets, conventional military operations are burning and pound nest, so this time the Mongolian tribes pasture may extend southward, Its distance from the side walls should be burning and pound nest distance, by distance pound nest count, Mongolian tribes pasture may sidewall 200 miles away from. After the discussion of "Long Qing Peace Treaty", the two sides established a frontier Mingmeng peaceful environment, in order to facilitate trade and the monitoring of the Ming Dynasty, Mongolian tribes make up horse market, the pasture in the Loop area for a unified placement. according to the "yan sui zhen zhi" written,Mongolian tribes living pasture perspective, at this time, more than half of the Mongol tribes pasture away from the side wall within 200 miles, or even just four miles away from the sidewall of the pasture.Mongolian tribes in the kit in addition to livestock production, but also often intrusive Yansui sidewall, in order to obtain the necessities of life. Mongolian tribes against intrusion, while the construction of the Ming wall, the construction of large and small military stronghold and defensive point, which is the Fort camp and pier. Fort camp and pier at the site, taking fully into account the military strategic position occupied by the outside edge and maximize the inflow of water, which doomed the fort camp pier is offensive Mongolian tribes that must pass through military channels, "Kou Road". Data show that the Mongolian tribes invade Yan Sui town on the sidewall case: Road suffered the most serious infestation, East suffered intrusive, followed by West suffered the least intrusive. In addition, Due to the different degree harassment of geographic location of Fort battalions suffered its different. By combing the relevant historical statistics, we find Yansui sidewall East, Middle, West has been more frequent intrusion Fort camp, intrusion frequency is generally less intrusive Fort Camp and Fort camp, which is reflected in a way Mongolian tribes intrusive route characteristics.Toward Mongolian tribes continue to face harassment, Ming has taken the appropriate measures, the more active the fixed side of the burning and active nest pound attack and other military operations. Burning and pound nest influence of considerable in He tao area of Mongolian tribes, their production life of more serious damage. However, regardless of the Mongolian tribes to edge out the intrusion, or the burning of the Ming Dynasty to the He tao area, pound nest, disastrous for both sides, both sides also want to see the results. Therefore, since the Jiajing period, began negotiation between Mingmeng border horse market to replace peaceful trade war. After Khanh and proposed the establishment of horse market, joint efforts to draw up a more successful conclusion. Since then, although occasional border areas of conflict, but frontier peaceful environment is the main line.This article is also accompanied by the text "Ming He tao area waters and grassland restoration". Based on the data of "Da Qing Yi Tong Zhi" in Jiaqing period, recover the water situation in He tao area in the Qing Dynasty. The writer believe that the Qing and Ming Dynasty separated by a very short time, and after the Qing dynasty to the Qing Ming Dynasty, some waters should have. Restoring water situation in the Qing Dynasty, in fact, also the general recovery of the Ming Dynasty waters. Ming Dynasty He tao water environment was restored, to reveal the activities in the Ming Dynasty Mongolian tribes has a great significance. There is accompanied by "Mongolian tribes of the town of Fort Camp Yansui intrusion Fact Sheet" attached by the article, which is the study of Mongolian tribes Yansui sidewall historical basis infestation situation. Because of the huge space, in order not to affect the discussion, which put after the paper as the appendix.