| This paper is a review of the academic research history on Qu Qiubai’s life. The purpose of this paper is to provide enlightenment and reference for the future research so as to promote the further development of the research.This paper’s research method is as follows. Draw the outline of the longitudinal studies and present the representative achievements of the cross sectional research by using the research methods of a whole study and case study so as to clarify the research history and show the panorama of the theoretical research on Qu Qiubai’s life. Probe into the different features of the research in different periods and analysis the causes and factors, especially the relationship between the Chinese Communist Party’s historical evaluation on Qu Qiubai and the research by putting the research under different historical periods and backgrounds. Sum up the experiences and lessons of the 90 years’ research, discuss the existing problems in the current studies and prospect the development trends and the main research aspects in the future.The whole paper is divided into six chapters.The first chapter is to review the biographical study of Qu Qiubai during the period of the Republic of China (October 1921-September 1949). The research on Qu Qiubai’s life was in its infancy. In China, the earliest research dated from a communication of a trip to Russia signed Tianwo (Jiang Kanghu) which was published in the newspaper "Declaration", October 10,1921. It was the earliest historical record related with Qu Qiubai yet discovered. Research achievements at this stage can be divided into three categories:reports about Qu Qiubai’s life story in the press, memorial articles and memories and biographical essays on Qu Qiubai. Overall, the achievements were rather limited on this period. Although the research at this stage wasn’t really a conscious one, the value and significance can not be ignored and underestimated. There are three reasons. The first, the dispassionate accounts in the press were valuable original historical records which were the underlying foundation of further research. The second, there were few memory errors and clerical errors in the memorial articles and memories which were written by Qu Qiubai’s relatives, friends and comrades-in-arms because it was not too far from Qu Qiubai’s heroic death. It was because of the authenticity of their accounts that made them the precious first-hand historical records in the research. The third, the biographers of Qu Qiubai had the most direct contact with him, they knew him well, so the historical records provided by them were previous, their evaluations on Qu Qiubai were relatively objective, their opinions exerted impacts on future researchers more or less.The second chapter is to review the biographical study of Qu Qiubai during the seventeen years after the founding of the People’s Republic of China (October 1949-May1966). The research at this stage stepped into the right track:loose and free research became conscious and organized; scattered and fragmented reports formed into a scale and a system. In 1955, the Communist Party of China officially gave a fair, positive evaluation on Qu Qiubai’s political career, which provided objective evidence for academic research. Under such circumstance, the research had obtained the considerable development. During this period, Yang zhihua made a lot of work for the propaganda of Qu Qiubai, so she deserved to be the pioneer in the field of the study. Ding jingtang began his systematic study step by step staring from collecting historical data and verifying materials about Qu Qiubai. Which he did had made enormous contributions to the research, so he became the founder of the domestic research on Qu Qiubai’s life after the establishment of the new china. The biographical essay written by Wen Jize was more detailed than before and Cao Zixi, Shang Guan Aiming tried to write biographies for Qu Qiubai. All of these showed that some research achievements had been made and the research had begun to take shape during this period, however, biography monograph on Qu Qiubai’s life had not yet appeared in Chinese mainland.The third chapter is to review the biographical study of Qu Qiubai during "the Cultural Revolution" period (May 1966-October1976). The research at this stage was in confusion. During "the Cultural Revolution", every field of social life in China was impacted. There was no exception to the academic research. Qu Qiubai was framed up as a "traitor" because of an assay titled "superfluous words", and thus Qu Qiubai’s life history was constantly slandered and smeared, the fair and scientific researches on Qu Qiubai’s life were seriously damaged. In the decade-long confusion, the articles about condemning Qu Qiubai were mainly incorporated into the following stuff:"Condemn Qu Qiubai", "Dispatches of condemning Qu Qiubai" and "Critical essays on Qu Qiubai". The stuff distorted historical facts and misread Qu Qiubai’s article, so it was of no value.The fourth chapter is to review the biographical study of Qu Qiubai during the period of reformation and opening up (I) (October 1976-December 1989). The research at this stage gradually returned to normal and scientific. Within two years after the end of the "Cultural Revolution", under the misguidance of the "two whatevers", the confusion political and ideological had not been dissolved. A sound, normal academic ambience had not been created among the academic circles. Academic research on Qu Qiubai was still in the forbidden area. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in December 1978, under the guidance of ideological line of seeking truth from facts, Qu Qiubai was rehabilitated and being given a new historical evaluation by the Central Committee of CPC. At this stage, the academic research on Qu Qiubai’s life gradually returned to normal and entered a new historical period of development with great progress. Memorial articles and memories had been collected in books and published. The collection of documents and papers also had been published one by one. "Simple explanation to Qu Qiubai’s poetry" written by Zhou Hongxing, "Lectures on Qu Qiubai" written by Wang Tiexian and other research monographs had been published too. Memoirs of "In memory of Qu Qiubai" written by Yang Zhihua, arranged by Hong Jiucheng also had been published. Chen Yunzhi, Wang Shiqing, Zhou Yongxiang and etc attempted to write biographies and chronicles for Qu Qiubai. Among the rich academic achievements, "Biography of Qu Qiubai" written by Chen Tiejian and "One man and one times -- Biography of Qu Qiubai" written by Wang Guanquan were two representative works, representing the highest level of researches in 1980s. All of these achievements were resulted from the environment of the emancipation of thought, however, exploration and efforts of these researchers were indispensable. In general, the purpose of the research during this period was mainly to crack slanders imposed on Qu Qiubai during the "Cultural Revolution" and to restore the true historical profile of Qu Qiubai.The fifth chapter is to review the biographical study of Qu Qiubai during the period of reformation and opening up (Ⅱ) (January 1990-December 1999). The research at this stage developed tremendously. There was an upsurge of research on Qu Qiubai along with the 60th anniversary of Qu Qiubai’s heroic death and the 100th anniversary of Qu Qiubai’s birthday. There had been further developments along with a large number of original data published, especially after the evaluation on Qu Qiubai’s putschism and "superfluous words" took a breakthrough step, which was based on the researches in the 1980s. The academe made many new achievements in the special study of the biography of Qu Qiubai. Several monographs were published, such as "From the Tianxiang building to Luohan hill- a review of Qu Qiubai", "Qu Qiubai and his contemporaries" and etc; Many other achievements were made on the biography of Qu Qiubai, such as "A critical biography of Qu Qiubai" by Ye Nan, "Biography of Qu Qiubai" by Lu Yuntao, "A critical biography of Qu Qiubai" by Xu Huanlong, "Qu Qiubai and Lu Xun" by Xu Jingsheng and etc; For chronicles, a bumper of harvest had been gained, including two chronicle books published, one was "Chronicles of Qu Qiubai", the other was "Detailed chronicle of Qu Qiubai". In addition, there was a memorabilia "Always want to make a bright way for everybody: events of Qu Qiubai". However, the research on Qu Qiubai’s life was not in full swing, a lot of new areas of research still needed to be developed.The sixth chapter is to review the biographical study of Qu Qiubai during the period of reformation and opening up (Ⅲ) (January 2000-December 2013). The research reaches its most flourishing period. When time elapsed into twenty-first Century, the Central Committee of the Communist Party gave a fully positive evaluation on Qu Qiubai for his dedication to "the Chinesization of Marxism" as a pioneer, which indicated the direction to the research on Qu Qiubai in the new period. Accompanied by gradual release of the archives during the period of the Republic China and other various historical data mined out, especially the declassification of the Top Secret Archives of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolshevik) Central Committee and the Communist International (21 volumes of "the Communist International, Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolshevik) and Chinese revolution series" published), the historical events and characters were displayed more clearly and restored to their true faces. Based on the existing research results, grounded on the front of academics, the academic circles has explored all-round from different angles and aspects of Qu Qiubai and has gained rich achievements. In respect of the verification of historical facts, a group of scholars such as Ding Jingtang, Ding Yanmo, Ding Yanzhao, Liang Huakui, Zhou Yiping and etc have made solid progress; In respect of the reconfirmation of the lost works, "Reconfirmation of Qu Qiubai’s lost works" compiled by Liu Xiaozhong and Ding Jingtang have been published; In respect of the special research on Qu Qiubai’s life, the works of Wu Zhiguang and Zhang Qiushi have supplied the gap in the research on Qu Qiubai’s life; In respect of the writing of biographies and the compiling of chronicles, "Biography of Qu Qiubai" compiled by "Qu Qiubai academic research association of Jiangsu Province" and "More detailed chronicle of Qu Qiubai" compiled by Liu Xiaozhong and Ding Jingtang are two representative works, representing the highest level of researches in the moment. "More detailed chronicle of Qu Qiubai" is the most detailed chronicle in the field of Qu Qiubai studies up to now, while, "Biography of Qu Qiubai" is the most informative biography. |
PDF Full Text Request