The Origin And Development Of Western Modern Collective Housing

Collective Housing is a terminology with short history, resulted from a detailed classification of housing with a new angle. General speaking, it is composed of two or more housing units with similar trait for multi-family habitation, while independent house with single housing unit is differed from it for because of one family usage. Modern Collective Housing refers to the new one which appears along with Industry Revolution, and it is also different from the former one with multi-family within one unit built respectively in the past history. Since Modern Collective Housing becomes one of the main parts of modern city, the research on it is of both social and architectural academic importance. This dissertation mainly focuses on analysis and study of the process and rules of Modern Collective Housing when it takes shape and evolves.Since Industry Revolution, Modem Collective Housing has experienced both typology and form changes for more than two hundred years. According to its time background and developing character, its evolution can be divided into four stages such as origin, spreading, evolution and selection. There are many forces which result in the changes mentioned above such as increased population, urbanization process, improved technology, developed planning idea, architectural trend and the change of living pattern, and their influence differ at different stages. The focus of this research is to find out the key forces among them and discuss the way they affect the development of Modern Collective Housing, and this is important for the future of Modern Collective Housing.This dissertation is written under a frame structure composed of three parts: hypothesis, systematic articulation and conclusion.The first part, also the 1^st chapter, offers an introduction of the dissertation. First, it clearly defines the concept of Modern Collective Housing. Then it points out the importance of this study, reviews the related research achievement and methodology, and delineates the research principle and work scope. The viewpoints to be raised and the theory to be developed is well prepares in this way.The second part is the main body of theoretical explanation, includs chapters from the 2^nd to the fourth. Chapter Two discusses the process of its origin and main types of Modern Collective Housing in UK during Industry Revolution. And the affecting elements which contribute to its origin are analyzed. Chapter Three discusses how the Modern Collective Housing spread and developed in both America and Europe, and introduces the representative achievement of architects and its types during this period. The Utopian idea, the content and importance of the book "issues about housing" by Angels are discussed. Chapter Four introduces the development of Modern Collective Housing in modern time. By the means of introducing social background, key architects, architectural organizations, housing exhibition as well as the situation in different countries of the Modern Collective Housing in both America and Europe. Chapter Five examines several main trends of Modern Collective Housing after the period of Modern Architecture, introduces the social changes, main developing trend and IBA housing exhibition in 1987. The forces that affect the development of Modern Collective Housing are analyzed and generalized in each chapter.The third part, as the conclusion, generalizes the developing character and the affecting forcers of Modern Collective Housing at different stages. The concluding points are stressed.