Resources Occupancy Of Chinese Cities And Applied Research

Since the 21st century, Chinese cities'urbanization further speed up, cities become more important in the national economy and social development. Although the cities'economy is the largest composing of national economy, cities consume the most natural resources and bring the most environmental pollution in China. In the 11th Five-Year General Plan proposed explicitly the goal of building a conservation-conscious society, the fundament of conservation-conscious society is to use natural resources in reason as far as possible and obtain the maximum economic efficiency and social efficiency by the least resources consumption. Based on this, many cities all propose the developmental goal of building eco-city in China.However, the construction of eco-city must be clear about the cities'ecological status at first, then considerate questions by system's viewpoint. If we emphasize the one hand blindly and one-sidedly, not only the development isn't balanced, but also brings some new ecological rucksacks from other certain aspects. Therefore, it is very important to measure the pressure of cities'economy development on ecology and environment. But the pressure of cities'economy development on ecology and environment originates from the resources consumption and waste emission, so it needs to measure the resources consumption and waste emission synthetically.Chinese economy has the distinctive "dual" character, namely city and village. But in Chinese present regionalism, the village subordinates the city. Therefore, it must consider the ecological pressure and capacity contribution of urban city and village in the eco-city construction.This paper based on the ecological footprint method, researching towards how to measure the affection of cities'economy development on resources occupancy and waste emission, including measure method, index and computational model, at the end, this paper uses the actual data conducting the empirical study and contrastive analysis.Ecological method just considers the ecological pressure of biology consumption, energy consumption or greenhouse gas emission. But the resources consumption in city still include mineral (except energy) and water, the emissions also has other acidic gas besides the greenhouse gas, net import resources not only the energy consumption but also the mineral, and so on. Therefore, this paper extended the ecological footprint method firstly, built the computational models of mineral, water, acidic gas and net import resources on ecological resources occupancy, so that it reflected the comprehensive pressure of cities'economy development on ecology and environment roundly.Ecological footprint of mineral made up of two parts, one was mineral resource occupancy, and the other was energy occupancy during mining and smelting mineral resource.The mineral resource occupancy were made up of three steps, first, industrial finished products or half finished product needed be converted the raw material,then transformed the raw material to solar energy, in the end the mineral resource occupancy were got. The energy occupancy mainly obtained according to raw material input and the corresponding energy density.Ecological footprint of water was referred to the fresh water resource occupancy. The water resource is one of the most important natural resources in the people daily life,in addition the ecological environment of cities'water become worse day-by-day, the research of water also should attach importance to, based on this, the water resource occupancy model was built. The computational method was similar with biology resource, it was:water consumption in different industries/water weight that one hectare lake on the earth.Ecological footprint of exhaust gas was referred to the forest land which absorbing the acidic gases. The acidic gases were the important component of air pollutant monitor in recent years, the harm on the environment wasn't inferior to the greenhouse gas, based on this, the exhaust gas occupancy model was built. The computational method was similar with greenhouse gas, it was:exhaust gas weight/one hectare forest can absorb acidic gas weight.Ecological footprint of net import resources not only included the energy occupancy, but also should include the mineral resource occupancy. The model of improved net import resource both considered the raw material input and the energy consumption of processing the raw material, furthermore, the flowing relation of different resources among counties could be manifested.In order to study the quantitative relation among economy development, resources occupancy and ecological pressure, revealing the component of resources occupancy, resource efficiency of economy development, difference of resources occupancy in urban city and village, based on ecological footprint, the pressure index, difference index and efficiency index were built. Pressure index was the ratio of resources occupancy and resources capacity, it could indicate intuitively the sustainable development of cities'ecology, the pressure index was smaller the degree of sustainable development was higher. The difference index were made up of consumption difference index and output difference index, consumption difference index was the difference of average resource occupancy between village and urban city, output difference index was the difference of resource output per unit between village and urban city, so it was easy to know the difference index reflected the fairness of resources occupancy and the efficiency of resources use.The efficiency was the ration between shares of village or urban city resources consumption occupied the whole city resources consumption and shares of village or urban city GDP occupied the whole city GDP, the efficiency index reflected the relative gap between resources demand of village or urban city and average level of the whole city.The above research results were applied in the empirical study and analysis of urban city and village's resources occupancy in a past time of Shenyang, and then this paper did the contrastive analysis with several primary cities. And, the empirical study time of Shenyang was 1991～2005 and the comparison time of cities was 1997～2005.The results showed that:The largest component of urban city's ecological resources occupancy was energy, taking account for the proportion approximately was 50% during the research, the second largest component and third largest component were biology resource occupancy and water resource occupancy respectively. The largest component of village ecological resources occupancy was water, taking account for the proportion approximately was 45% during the research, the second largest component and third largest component were biology resource occupancy and energy resource occupancy respectively.The consumption deficit of average resources occupancy per capita became larger and larger during the research.It was easy to know that whether village, urban city or the whole city's development all depended on the resources'increase. The pressure index of urban city's resources occupancy approximately was15, but the pressure index of village approximately just was 2.4, so it was easy to know that urban city's economy development on ecological environment pressure was larger than village. The consumption index of resources occupancy approximately was 1.2, it was easy to know that resources occupancy in urban city was large than village, because the consumption level between urban city and village was different. The output index of resources occupancy approximately was 2.5,the economy output per unit resource was 2.5 times than village, namely the resources in urban city obtained more highly effective use.Through the contrastive analysis of cities, it was easy to know that consumption deficit of resources occupancy per capital, the pressure index size were related with the level of urbanization and economic development, the city which had higher level of urbanization and economic development, the consumption deficit and pressure index were larger, such as Shanghai; the city which had lower level of urbanization and economic development, the consumption deficit and pressure index were smaller, such as Chongqing. Through the efficiency index of resources occupancy still discovered that the intensity of resources were very different in cities, the levels of intensity of cities'resources occupancy from low to high were Chongqing, Beijing, Shenyang, Shanghai and Shenzhen.