A Study On The Marginal Causes Of Mines From The Perspective Of Cultural Psychology

Mines disaster is special safety accident which has been occurring in the process of mineral resources mining. Because of the special physical properties and the geological conditions of coal and important position in the energy structure in our country, coalmines disaster is one of the most representative type of the safety accident in China’s resource-based industries. The safety of coal mine is not only related to the vital interests of the enterprise workers and surrounding the masses, but also related to national energy security. It is always a hot spot in the academia, industry, and the party and the government. From the history of the development of the coal industry in China, along with output rising, both the number of deaths of coalmines disaster and the death rate per million tons remained high. In the late 1990s, it was to curb the frequent mining accidents that our country gradually started mergers and acquisitions of the coal industry to form large-scale coal enterprise by integrating resources. After ten years of unremitting efforts, the number and output of township coal mine have been reducing and the flood period of China’s coalmines disaster has been over. The death rate per million tons has been very low, and dropped below 1 for the first time in 2009. Coalmines disaster, the social ills, appears new characteristics in new era. From the macro point of view, although the situation of mine accident has been continuing to improve, it is continuing. China is still a country where coalmines disaster occurs frequently today, and it is higher compared with Europe and America. From the micro point of view, in recent years, the number of deaths of major mining accidents and special major mining accidents accounted for a rise in the ratio of stability:10.1%、10.4%、14.3%、 24.6%、24.8%during 2010 to 2014. This kind of problem such as hiding coalmines disaster, faking mine accident by killing innocent people, corruption and bribery has been constantly occurring. It has been through the bottom line of social civilization. Some domestic scholars think that through years of efforts, the prevention system and technical equipment level in China’s coal mine has been basically in place. In order to prevent the occurrence of accident, we should pay more attention to the effect of coal mine safety culture. By analyzing the domestic and foreign research results of safety culture, and the domestic current situation of coalmines disaster, we can learn the deficiency of the present study:Firstly, "Cultural elements" is missing in the study of "Safety culture". In many research perspectives, although safety culture and safety culture of enterprise in the theoretical definition is obviously different, they are fuzzy boundaries in practical study. It ignores the cultural builders as "social and cultural nature" that study on safety culture, safety culture of enterprise, enterprise culture is limited to within the framework of enterprise. The intrinsic mechanism between them and field culture (including political culture, social culture, mining culture, legal culture, etc) is ignored. Because of the lack of these "Cultural elements", the work of enterprise safety assessment, safety rectification, safety input, safety culture construction produce marginal effect under the atmosphere of enterprise safety culture. "Speak seriously, do despise, busy ignored" has become the present situation of mine safety culture; Secondly, study on safety culture by the method of Natural Science. Both in theoretical study and practice research, the scholars study the relationship between enterprise safety culture and the accident rate by the way of stripping between enterprise culture and human. In this way, safety culture is regarded as the independent variable, and human error is regarded as the dependent variable. Therefore, coalmines disaster is considered to be one-dimensional accident chain, which takes the safety culture as a starting point and the human accident as the end point. The key factors (culture of human’s social attribute) of accidents chain are ignored. The significance of contextual factors and mutual construction of psychological and social cultural in the preventing is ignored. The history of the coal enterprise, national, personal, social and cultural blending is neglected. Although quantitative research has been welcome by the academic circles, its validity is questionable in the industry. In recent years, the safety status of the mine proved the existence of the problem.This paper considers that culture is a key concept of unifying natural science, social science and humanities and is the way of human existence. People have been constantly looking for the meaning of life and resources from their living social and cultural intention in the world. Thus, diversity and multidimensionality of cultural stimulus meaning and safety psychology is realistic inevitability, and relations between the two are mutually constructed. Enterprise safety culture originated from the safety culture. Safety culture is a broad, macro, social cultural concept. Safety psychology which comes from cultural stimulus meaning is the cornerstone of the construction of safety culture. Exuberant vitality of safety culture needs to be nourished by field culture, traditional culture and enterprise culture. We should treat the cultural factors in safety culture from the broader perspective. In other words, at present, the research trend of the mine disaster governance has emerged the humanistic change. But it is only concerned about the science of safety culture, ignoring the connotation of the humanities. The owner of the mine, miners and regulators should not be separated from society, history, folk custom, legal culture. Because of multicultural blend, the gini coefficient increasing, interests demands diversification, the psychology and behavior of different employees of enterprises of different types in different contexts of diversity and differences is an objective reality. In the process of production, coal mine workers, according to their own needs, give the significance of safety culture from field culture, traditional culture, enterprise culture and personality culture. It formed special and personalized safety culture psychology and behavior. In addition, this process will affect the future re-construction of safety culture and safety culture psychology and behavior of coal mine workers.Based on the above point of view, in order to discuss the trend of pluralism and diversity of current safety culture by the way of the humanities research, and restore the safety culture founder as ecological and cultural people, and build a more approachable, more down to earth, more efficient safety culture value system, the following work has been done in this study:Constructing the theoretical model of marginal causes of coalmine disasters. First of all, In the current enterprise safety culture, human is the core of concept culture, system culture, behavior culture and material culture. Enterprise safety culture is through human error research to prevent accidents due to human factor. Therefore, I re-examine the mutual construction process of cultural significance and safety psychology from the perspective of cultural psychology. In other words, this article starting point is to deconstruct the logic relationship between "human error" and "accidents due to human factor". Based on the domestic and foreign theory of accident causation, safety psychology, safety culture and cultural psychology and other related research results, shallow, dominant and common technical, economic and institutional factors was defined as "normal causes", and deep, implicit and catalysis of mutual construction between culture stimulus meaning and safety psychology process was defined as "marginal causes". Then, I tidied up the research results of "normal causes" from 1949 to 2014 and studied the relationship between "normal causes" and "marginal causes". Based on study of kernel, characteristic, research methods of "marginal causes", I constructed the theoretical model of marginal causes of coalmine disasters.The empirical study of the theoretical model of marginal causes. "Marginal causes" is not a new reason for coalmine disasters. It is humanities and social cultural factors of "normal causes". The purpose of this research is to promote the study of "normal causes". So, I selected three kinds of "normal causes" as the object of empirical study, which has the most research results:passive safety investment of the owner of the mine, insecure psychological factors of miners, independent safety concept of regulators. The owner of the mine, miners, and regulators, which are chose as investigation object, are from five township coal mine enterprises in Yunnan province, where some serious accidents once happened from 2009 to 2013. To be specific, in order to explore the deep internal cause of passive safety investment of the owner of the mine in new era, the third chapter has studied current situation of "institutional walls, equipment idle" in Chinese township coals by behavioral economics. And then, I analyzed cognitive dissonance of speculative psychology by cultural psychology in the course of passive safety investment. The results show that just relying on the infinite increase of rewards and punishments regulation system cannot effectively make them take active safety investment in the new period of economic development. In the fourth chapter, I studied the subjective statements that came from owner of the mine, miners, and regulators by Q theory, which is a kind of cultural research method of combining qualitative research and quantitative research. Our study highlights the importance of mutual construction of psychological and social cultural in the preventing coal mine disaster. In the fifth chapter, the internal cause of the marginal effect of safety culture is considered as one of the components of the marginal causes of coalmine disasters. To study the reason of this phenomenon, we built a new hierarchy of safety culture, which looks like a tree. And then, based on the sorted the history of the development of supervision system of American, Australia and China, I studied the supervision system culture and legal culture. Then, I analyzed the internal cause of cultural psychology from the perspective of China Confucianism, which led to difficulty in forming the independent safety regulation in our country values. And it also explains the reasons for the low efficiency of independent safety regulation.Finally, on the basis of theory and practice, I put forward the countermeasures and suggestions to perfect the coal mine safety culture. It makes up for the lack of safety culture research method. I hope this research can guide the mine safety culture consciousness and can prevent coalmines disaster to realize intrinsic safety in coal mine production.