Study On The Socio - Ecosystem Adaptation Circulation Mechanism And Its Control Countermeasures In Bogda Nature Reserve Of Tianchi

Building nature reserves is an effective measure to take care of the natural environment, while the established nature reserves also provide laboratory for the study of the relationship between human society and the natural environment. No matter what is the original purpose of the nature reserve, which relies on legal and institutional, will produce more or less influ-ence to local aboriginal. We can conclude that the contradiction which is between the depen-dence of Aboriginal on the natural resources and the protection of protected areas to the natu-ral resources is inherently doomed. Losing the support of local residents, the development process of the Nature Reserve will be very difficult, and the goal of protected areas will also come to naught. The establishment of protected areas is just the first step in protecting re-sources and the environment, how to deal with man-land relationship between the nature re-serve and the local residents is the long-term and important topic to think about.Tianchi-Bogda Peak Nature Reserve is located in northern of Bogda Peak in Fukang City, which is one of the oldest protected areas of Xinjiang. The main purpose of the Tian-chi-Bogda Peak Nature Reserve is to protect the original temperate mountain systems, which make it have an extremely important eco status. Prior to the establishment of nature reserves, Kazakh herders is the main inhabitants who treat the natural resources as the livelihood re-sources by long-term. In recent years, the environmental issues have gradually emerged, such as grassland degradation and lake shrinkage. The corresponding control measures are fol-lowed, such as the ecological migrants, determining livestock number by grassland carrying capacity, prohibiting grazing, etc., from which we find that the managers of protected areas take the environmental problems due to the rapid development of husbandry relying on the natural grassland. The managers believe that the relationship between the animal and the grassland is linear and reversible. Reducing or cutting off the contact between the animal and the grassland is the effective method to solve the environmental issues. Tianchi-Bogda Peak Nature Reserve is vulnerable not only on the ecological environment, but also on the social environment that highly depends on the natural resources. Rationality of the theoretical basis and effectiveness of the institution is the key to the nature reserve. How to assess both of them is the objective of this study. This article will take social-ecological systems and resilience theory into the research of man-land relationship in the nature reserve. By taking the nature reserve and the surrounding communities as a complex system named nature reserve social-ecological system, taking the contradiction between the people, the livestock and the pasture as the main clue, deep inves-tigating, this study will identify the main external disturbance factors to the social-ecological system. This study will clarify internal motivation of the operation and development of the system. According to the above results, the alternative factor will be picked out for estimating the resilience both the social system and the ecological system quantitatively. By this way the study can both evaluate the reasonableness and effectiveness of protected area management regime and propose the strategy of resilience management.Conclusions are as follows:(1) During the development, the reserve social-ecological system is mainly disturbed by institutional changing, tourism development and climate changing. This interference from outside the system is unpredictability and unexpected. It is the changing of the people, the li-vestock and the pasture including the relationship of them that constantly shape the state and the trajectory of the reserve social-ecological system. The study found that regime changes triggered by the redistribution of production rights are the most important external interfe-rence and have the most profound power.(2) The operation and development of the reserve social-ecological system is by way of adaptive cycle. The changes of potential and connectivity determine the phase of the cycle where the system basic state will be. During1949-2011, the system has experienced three adaptive cycles. The first cycle, from1949to1957; second cycle, from1958to1978; third cycle, from the beginning of1979has not yet been completed. Currently, the reserve so-cial-ecological system is in the late stages of the third cycle--conservation (K).(3) Resilience can not only maintain the structure and function of the reserve so-cial-ecological system, but also is an important basis to measure the effectiveness of the re-serve social-ecological system. The late stage of the third cycle of the reserve so-cial-ecological system is the resilience study time frame (2000-2011). The study divided the reserve social-ecological system into social sub-system represented by herders and ecological sub-system represented by pasture. By measuring their resilience, the study found that the re- silience of social sub-system declined rapidly since2005, and the resilience of ecological sub-system has been in a state of upheaval. Through the correlation analysis, the linear rela-tionship between the resilience of the sub-systems of ecological and the numb of livestock does not, but do necessarily exist with the precipitation. Therefore, the study suggests that measures against the livestock, in the third cycle, failed to take effective solution both to the problem of economic development of local communities and to maintain and develop the bio-diversity of protected areas.(4) So far, studies suggest which lead to the failure of protected area management regime is for two reasons:First, based on equilibrium theory, the manager treated the people, the an-imal and the pasture as separate elements that the relationship between them is simple linear, the internal complexity of the system and the uncertainty of external interference is ignored; Second, modern science, technology and the management methods are blind trusted, and local natural, social, economic and cultural backgrounds are ignored. Therefore, the study proposes three strategies from resilience management that on the macro-scale, policy support should be given for changing the design of the regime; on the reserve-scale, the study suggest that com-bination of moving livestock grazing and construction husbandry is better than construction husbandry only, collective property rights on small-scale of pastures is superior to it as private property, the implementation of carrying capacity management in the reserve-scale is more effective than in the herders scale, and the generation tourism should shift to the eco-tourism; on the herders-scale, cooperation between the herders should be encouraged and promoted.