| With multi-source risks and multilateral disturbances,resilience was a necessary characteristic for maintaining system status and services,especially in ecologically fragile areas.Exploring the resilience of the social-ecological system in the area from the most operational landscape scale was theoretically important for revealing the mechanism of changes in human activities on the ecosystem and its services,and in practice proposing adaptive management strategies for social-ecological landscape significance.This paper took Mizhi County,a typical ecologically fragile area,as an example.The basic theories and methods of “pattern-process-scale” emphasized by geography and landscape ecology were integrated into the study of ecologically fragile areas.According to“Social-ecological landscape periodic features analysis—Identification of social-ecological landscape disturbance factors and adaptation factors—Multi-scale social-ecological landscape resilience evaluation and spatio-temporal evolution analysis—Multi-scale social-ecological landscape resilience scale correlation-macro and micro social-ecological landscape adaptive management and optimization strategies” to carry out research and explore the evolution mechanism and adaptive management of the social-ecological landscape resilience in the study area.The main conclusions of the study were as follows:(1)Analysis of the evolution process and characteristics of the social-ecological landscape system showed that since the reform and opening up,the social-ecological landscape system of Mizhi County has undergone four periods of evolutionary change,and there were significant differences in the characteristics of the social-ecological landscape at different stages.The transition period of the economic system(1980-1990)belonged to the adjustment phase of rural development.The overall characteristics of the social-ecological landscape system were manifested by the gradual deterioration of the rural ecological environment,the socio-economic recovery,and the agricultural production power began to be released.The development stage of the market economy(1990-2000)belonged to the beginning stage of the market economy to the “returning farmland to forest”.At this stage,the evolution of the social-ecological landscape system was characterized by the continuous deterioration of the ecological environment,extensive development of agricultural production economy,and social space differentiation.The early stage of ecological management(2000-2009)belonged to the core stage of large-scale “returning farmland to forests” in Mizhi County.The comprehensive improvement of the ecologicalenvironment began to be implemented,the agricultural production structure was transformed,and socio-economic development was rapid.(2)By summarizing and summarizing related basic theories and domestic and foreign research progress,a macro-level social-ecological landscape resilience assessment index system for ecologically fragile areas was constructed,and the spatial-temporal evolution of social-ecological landscape resilience in the research area was analyzed.The research suggested that the macro-scale social-ecological landscape system in the ecologically fragile area could be divided into three core sub-dimensions: ecosystem,social system,and production system.The spatial-temporal evolution of the social-ecological landscape resilience of Mizhi County from 2000 to 2018 was analyzed at the macro level.The results showed that the ecological resilience,social system resilience,and production system resilience of Mizhi County varied significantly from 2000 to 2018,and all showed an increasing trend.In terms of time,the resilience of the three subsystems in the first phase(2000-2009)changed significantly,and the resilience in the second phase(2009-2018)changed relatively slowly.At the spatial level,the ecosystem’s resilience was in an east-west band pattern,the social system’s resilience was in a north-to-south high pattern,and the production system’s resilience was in a high-middle region and low-peripheral pattern.And the socio-ecological landscape resilience had obvious synergistic relationships with changes in ecosystem resilience,social system resilience,and production system resilience.Generally speaking,the stability of the regional social system and the improvement of the ecosystem played a key role in the maintenance and improvement of the overall landscape resilience.The implementation of returning farmland to forest,the promotion of urbanization,the development of social economy and the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure are the main driving forces for the continuous improvement of the resilience of social-ecological landscape.Using OWA scenario analysis,the socio-ecological landscape resilience simulation maps were drawn under the three scenarios of “unsustainable orientation”,“maintaining the status orientation” and“sustainable orientation” to provide decision support for adaptive management of regional landscapes.It can be seen that the emphasis on the adaptive factors of the system was more conducive to the maintenance and improvement of the social-ecological landscape resilience,and the increase of the interfering factors of the system was more likely to induce the decline of resilience.(3)This article took the typical township—Gaoqu Township as an example to explorethe evolution of the socio-ecological landscape resilience at the micro level.Similar to the macro-scale,the micro-scale social-ecological landscape resilience index system was constructed from three levels of the ecosystem,social system and production system,and then the evolution of the social-ecological landscape resilience at the micro-level in Gaoqu Township from 2012 to 2018 was analyzed.The results showed that the spatial resilience of the subsystems in Gaoqu Township at the micro-scale was significantly different from2012 to 2018.The resilience of the ecosystem was distributed in a band-like manner from northeast to southwest.The resilience of the social system was spatially distributed in the northwest and southeast.The resilience of the production system was low in the middle and high in the periphery.The socio-ecological landscape resilience increased by 11.44%.The overall socio-ecological landscape resilience showed a low spatial pattern in the middle and high surroundings.The protection of ecological environment and the maintenance of rural culture were the foundation for the improvement of rural landscape resilience,and the adjustment and development of rural industrial economy were the driving forces for the improvement of resilience.Disturbance factors had always been important to the evolution of resilience,and the influence of adaptive factors on the change of resilience of landscape system has been improved,but the interaction between disturbance factors and adaptive factors had obvious synergistic enhancement effect.(4)Taking the typical township Gaoqu township as the research unit,this paper,by means of grid superposition method and Spearman rank correlation analysis,discussed the scale correlation between micro and macro social-ecological landscape resilience from two aspects: state size and variation trend of resilience.The correlation of the resilience state of social-ecological landscape at different scales is general,and the proportion of the spatial space in different scales is 48.64%.The results of spatial state distribution of social-ecological landscape resilience obtained at the macro scale are more conducive to understanding the spatial trend of macro-social-ecological landscape resilience,while the spatial differentiation at the micro scale was more complex and subtle.The variation trend of social-ecological landscape resilience at different scales had a good correlation with each other,and the total area proportion of the completely coordinated and general coordinated relationship of the variation trend of resilience at different scales is 76.89%.Due to the diversity of external disturbance factors in different scales of social-ecological landscape system,the variation of the resilience of social-ecological landscape system was quite different,resulting in the insignificant correlation between the two scales.In addition,the correlation coupling between the state of social-ecological landscape resilience and thechange was high,and the space area proportion of fully coupled relation and relatively coupled relation was 87.17%.(5)Based on the concept of adaptive management,the adaptation paths and strategies of socio-ecological landscapes at different scales were proposed.At the macro level,taking the watershed as the basic evaluation scale,the development balance of the Mizhi County could be divided into five types of areas from the socio-ecological landscape subsystem resilience combination level: cooperative improvement areas,ecological restoration areas,and social development areas,production optimization area,comprehensive improvement area.At the micro-level,according to the size and change characteristics of the rural socio-ecological landscape resilience,the rural landscapes in Gaoqu Township of the study area were divided into dominant development types,dominant stability types,dominant attenuation types,emerging development types,and sensitive and fragile types.Macro-scale social-ecological landscape adaptive management should be based on a full understanding of the main barriers to influence factors in each zone,maximize adaptation to the laws of nature,make full use of social-ecological system functions,and achieve sustainable economic,social,and environmental development in the watershed.Micro-scale socio-ecological landscape adaptive management should fully identify the main influencing factors of socio-ecological landscape resilience in different micro-level villages.Short-term change assessments could then be used to provide a basis for timely and appropriate policy development. |
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