The Effect Of Physical Exercise On Tobacco Dependenc

Objective:The effect of physical exercise on tobacco dependence is still controversial,and some smokers have been found to want to smoke after exercise in real life.The mechanism of the effect of physical exercise on tobacco dependence is unclear,and there may be potential mediators and moderators between the two.To assess the effectiveness of physical exercise in improving tobacco dependence and to explore the potential moderators of physical exercise intervention in tobacco dependence,such as exercise intervention characteristics,study characteristics,and exercise adherence.To also explore the intrinsic mechanisms of physical exercise interventions for tobacco dependence,to provide reference for the development of scientific and effective physical exercise interventions for smoking cessation,and to further strengthen the application of physical exercise in smoking cessation practice.Methods:This study is divided into the following three parts:The first part uses a systematic evaluation method to quantitatively explore the intervention effects and potential influencing factors of physical exercise on tobacco dependence.In the first part,randomized controlled trials related to exercise interventions for smoking cessation were searched in Pub Med,Web of Science,The Cochrane Library,EMBASE,Scopus,CNKI,Wanfang,and VIP databases from the date of database creation to October 30,2022.The Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment tool was used to assess the study quality and systematic bias of the included literature,and the data were analyzed using Rev Man 5.4 and Stata 16;the second part collected data through questionnaires and conducted correlation analysis,regression analysis,and structural equation modeling to investigate the underlying mechanisms of physical activity affecting tobacco use.The second part collected data through questionnaires,correlation analysis,regression analysis,and structural equation modeling to investigate the underlying mechanism of physical exercise affecting tobacco dependence.In the second part,the data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed by correlation,regression,and structural equation modeling.The third part used experimental intervention to validate the structural equation model in the second part.The subjects completed the high-intensity interval training(HIIT)and reading control tasks in a randomized order,and their craving,self-control,mood,and motivation were measured before and after the intervention.SPSS26.0 was used to process the data obtained.Results:(1)Acute physical exercise reduced smoking craving in smokers[MD=-1.84,95%CI(-2.92,-0.76),P=0.0008;SMD=-1.64,95%CI(-2.22,-1.05),P<0.00001]and reduced most of the withdrawal symptoms in smokers.The rate of smoking cessation in the physical exercise group was not significantly different from the control group(P>0.05).Physical exercise increased positive mood[SMD=0.36,95%CI(0.14,0.58),P=0.001]and decreased negative mood[SMD=-0.26,95%CI(-0.39,-0.12),P=0.0002]in smokers.(2)The results of the correlation analysis showed that years of smoking were significantly and positively associated with emotional experience(β=0.151,P<0.01)and tobacco dependence(β=0.366,P<0.01).The results of structural equation modeling showed that the amount of physical exercise was negatively associated with emotional experience(β=-0.396,P<0.01),positively associated with self-control(β=0.137,P<0.01),and negatively associated with tobacco dependence(β=-0.150,P<0.01);emotional experience was negatively associated with self-control(β=-0.642,P<0.01),and emotional experience was positively correlated with tobacco dependence(β=0.162,P<0.01)and self-control was negatively correlated with tobacco dependence(β=-0.190,P<0.01).also,the Bootstrap method test revealed that the mediating effects of emotional experience(40%)and self-control(17%)between the amount of physical exercise and tobacco dependence were significant,and emotional experience,self-control The chain mediating effect between physical activity and tobacco dependence was significant(30%);the moderating effect of motivation between self-control and tobacco dependence was significant.(3)significant interaction effects of group and test duration on craving[F=15.409,η_p~2=0.289,P<0.001],emotional experience[F=60.635,η_p~2=0.615,P<0.001],and self-control[F=63.932,η_p~2=0.627,P<0.001];simple effects analysis showed that acute HIIT thirst(P<0.001)and emotional confusion were significantly lower(P<0.05)and self-control was significantly higher(P<0.001)in the experimental group than in the control group after the intervention.The negative predictive effect of group on craving was significant(β=-0.684,P<0.001);after adding the mediating variable emotion\self-control,the direct predictive effect of group on craving was not significant(β=-0.156,P>0.05),the positive predictive effect of emotion on craving was significant(β=0.321,P<0.05),and the negative predictive effect of self-control on craving was significant(β=-0.370,P<0.05);the interaction term between motivation and self-control significantly affected craving(β=0.140,P<0.05).The mediating effects of emotion,self-control,and emotion-self-control between group and craving were statistically significant(P<0.05),with motivation acting as a moderator between self-control and craving.Conclusions:(1)Acute physical activity interventions are effective in reducing craving and withdrawal symptoms in smokers.Long-term exercise is not effective in increasing smoking cessation rates.Exercise can help reduce negative moods and increase positive moods in smokers.(2)physical exercise influences tobacco dependence through indirect pathways such as emotional experience,the mediating effect of tobacco dependence,and the emotional experience-self-control chain mediating effect;motivation plays a moderating role in the effect of self-control on tobacco dependence.(3)the results of the acute physical activity intervention were consistent with the structural equation model,with emotion,self-control as mediating variables between physical activity and craving,and motivation regulating the relationship between self-control and craving;physical activity could reduce tobacco dependence by improving emotion and increasing self-control.