Research On Policy System Construction Of Open Government Data In China

This paper reports on a key project funded by the National Social Sciences Foundation of China(Grant No.15ZDC025).Government data(OGD)refers to data held or commissioned by government agencies,which can profoundly promote political democracy,economic growth,as well as social innovation and services.The emerging of Open Data Movement has facilitated global Open Government Data(OGD)implementing.A number of countries have attached great importance to the leading role of policies in OGD,which means,to promote national OGD development by the formulation or revision of relevant policies.Several international organizations,like the United Nations,the W3 C,and the Open Knowledge Foundation,have also developed policies to improve OGD.In China,the National Big Data Strategy-Action Outline for Promoting the Big Data Development(hereinafter referred to as the “Outline”)was issued in 2015,which embarked on the top-level design of OGD and required the establishment of an OGD policy system.Therefore,the purpose of this research is to construct the policy system for OGD development in China.On the basis of understanding the policy demand of OGD in China from multiple ways,a practical survey of OGD policies in China at the national level is conducted,and the advanced international OGD policies experience is referenced as well.Finally,the policy system for OGD in China is built.This paper is divided into 8 chapters,the specific content of each part is as follows:Chapter 1,introduction.Starting from the international and domestic background,this chapter discusses the theoretical and practical significance of OGD policies,reviews and summarizes the related research,and then proposes research methods,research contents as well as innovation points of this research.The review indicates that foreign research pays more attention on the framework,implementation and effectiveness evaluation of OGD policy,and the research of personal data protection policies.Domestic OGD policy research focuses on studying and comparing typical cases abroad,while for OGD policy in China,studies prefer policy environment,policy status analysis and specific themes.At present,there is a lack of research on the demands of OGD policy in China,and the research on policy system is not deep enough.Chapter 2,relevant concepts and theoretical basis.This chapter mainly contains the definition of the core concepts and the referred basic theories.Firstly,the core concepts of OGD are defined,including open data,government data,open government,open government data,etc.Secondly,the theoretical basis of this research is examined,specifically including public policy theory,data life cycle theory,stakeholder theory and system science theory,which lays a theoretical foundation for the further discussion of this paper.Chapter 3,policy demands of OGD in China.This chapter analyzes the policy demands of OGD in China from macro-level to micro-level.At first,from current authoritative international evaluation indicators,there is a gap found in the OGD policy readiness between China and the countries in the world and the Asia-pacific region.Secondly,from the national strategies issued by the Chinese central government,the research analyzes what aspects of OGD policies to formulate in response to the OGD requirements of the nation.Finally,based on the identification of stakeholders,7 representative cities,e.g.Shanghai and Shenzhen,were selected,and field interviews are employed with 20 stakeholders,in order to understand the practical policy demands in OGD from different stakeholders' perspective.The study indicates that,in China,there is an urgent demand to improve policies in terms of whole-life cycle data management,data quality,data security and privacy,as well as organization and implementationChapter 4,current situation of OGD policy in China at national level.This research is oriented to national big data strategy,so this chapter primarily investigates and analyzes the OGD policies in China at national level.On the one hand,from the perspective of historical evolution,a historical analysis of the OGD policy in China is adopted and summarize the changing laws of policy makers and policy content.On the other hand,by coding the policy content,the themes and content of the existing policy are analyzed,to further explore the deficiencies of OGD policy in China.Chapter 5,international reference of OGD policy.In this chapter,the United Kingdom,the United States and Australia are selected as representative countries,and 226 policy texts are analyzed and summarized.The study shows that these countries have established data management policies throughout the whole data life cycle;ensuring the quality of government data by information quality legislation and policies;a macro-to-micro data security strategy has developed;adopting privacy legislation and specific policies to protect personal privacy;a comprehensive data infrastructure strategy has implemented and a relatively perfect organizational implementation mechanism has established.Chapter 6,framework design of OGD policy system in China.Based on the previous demands analysis,current status investigation and foreign policy references,this chapter further designs the framework of Chinese OGD policy system.The elements of the framework can be summarized as data creation and collection,data organization and description,data storage,data publication,data access,data utilization,data quality,data security,privacy protection,infrastructure,organizational preparation,financial support,personnel training,etc.According to the closeness of relationships between the elements,the entire framework is divided into infrastructure layer,data management layer and government governance layer.Chapter 7,the content of OGD policy system in China.Adopting the evidence-based policy method,this research explores the scheme of OGD policy in China from multiple data sources.The study concludes that currently,China should emphasize on improving the whole life cycle data management policies,in details,including creating and collecting data in open standard format,improving the process and mechanism of data publication,formulating relevant policies to ensure barrier-free access to data and improving data reuse policies,etc.In terms of data quality,it is recommended to develop a data quality law and its related implementation policies,and establish a government data quality assurance framework.In terms of data security and personal privacy protection,implementing a national security information classification plan,improving personal privacy protection laws and regulations,conducting privacy impact assessments,and implementing electronic identity authentication.In terms of data infrastructure,promoting integration and optimization of data centers,clarifying requirements of open data in government website policies,and implementing ICT investment customization strategies.In terms of organizational implementation,the organizational structure and supporting positions should be constantly improved to ensure the effective implementation of open data.Chapter 8,summary and prospect.This chapter reviews the full text,concludes the main research results,proposes the limitations of this research and the possible directions for future research.