Consideration On Studies Of Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot), A Sect Of Japanese Textual Criticism

Textual Criticism started in China and the scholars in Qing Dynasty left achievement in studies of literature and history by method of letters, phonology, explanations of words in ancient books and so on. It is known as Pu-xue and represents science in Qing Dynasty. Major achievement of studies by Textual Criticism in Qing Dynasty left remarkable footprints in the fields of bibliography, history, epigraphy, etc, but their studies were not sufficiently extended to medical field. When Textual Criticism in Qing Dynasty was introduced to Japan in Edo era, Japanese scientists put great importance to the study and made considerable achievement to be noted in the history of studies of medical literature by using Textual Criticism. Compared with Su-Wen(Plain Questions), less study was made for Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) in the studies of Textual Criticism in Japan. Among these studies, we can rarely find writings on the studies of Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot), such as linguistics and bibliography.This dissertation begins with formation of a sect of Japanese Textual Criticism in Edo era and leads to understand scientific philosophy and the achievement of the study by the sect through introduction of a scholar who contributed to the science of the sect of Japanese Textual Criticism and a scholar who represents the sect. Furthermore, this thesis aims at recognizing the value of the writings by the scholars on the studies of Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot) by making analytical studies from the view point of phonology,a character and works in critical interpretation of the classic works.The content of this dissertation describes the important persons of Japanese Textual Criticism and their books about Ling-shu(Miraculous Pivot).①Taki Genkan's Lingshushi is the first book written by Japanese scholars of Textual Criticism regarding Lingshu(Miraculous Pivot). The books Lingshu jiangyi by Shibue Chu-sai and Yijingxungu by Yamada Gyoko were written based on Lingshushi. However, their collation on Lingshushi is mainly about Jiayijing(A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion)as they have not read Taisu (Grand Simplicity of Inner Canon of Huangdi) and Yang Shangshan noets for Taki Genkan. These books do not have the content about end rhymes and rhymed collation at all. Later days, based on Lingshushi, Shibue Chusai and Yamada Gyoko selected imitation Song--style typeface Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot) on Ming-Dynasty to print as a text and they wrote Taisu (Grand Simplicity of Inner Canon of Huangdi). They progressed studies based on new materials such as Xinxiubencao (Newly Revised Materia Medica) and Mingtang which were found in Edo era. Thus they succeeded in further development of study of Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot), imitation Song-Dynasty-style typeface.②Shibue Chusai made studies of Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot) in his book Lingshu jiangyi based on imitation Song--style typeface Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot) on Ming-Dynasty to print. It was Lingshu jiangyi that used rhymed collation method for a study of Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot) for the first time.Dr. Shibue put importance on Taisu (Grand Simplicity of Inner Canon of Huangdi) including Yang Shangshan noets, and at the same time he used several editions of Jiayijing(A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) and Lingshu(Miraculous Pivot). In "Lingshu jiangyi", he made comprehensive studies on an edition, collation, bibliography, a character, Works in critical interpretation of the classic works, phonology and so on. At present, Lingshu jiangyi is the reference book of the highest level in the study of Lingshu(Miraculous Pivot) and this book is essential for a study of Huangdi Neijing(Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor). Due to limitation of data in Lingshu jiangyi, it is difficult to judge a level of phonology by Dr. Shibue. However, from several materials, it is clear that at least Dr. Shibue had basic knowledge of phonology and he already had a concept of rhymed collation. 266 cases of end rhymes are found in Lingshu jiangyi. Among them,18 cases applied rhymed collation,17 cases led to clear conclusion, but 1 case did not make its conclusion clear.③Huangdineijingtaisujiujuanjingzuanlu by Kitamura Chokkan is the first Yang Shangshan noets for study of Lingshu(Miraculous Pivot). Under circumstances of those days, what Dr. Kitamura read was the Volume 23rd of Taisu (Grand Simplicity of Inner Canon of Huangdi) only, and his study was not extended to other 2 Volumes which were found later. In this book, however, we can see letters that are illegible in Nin-na temple book because of worm-eaten or scratchy letters. This book is very valuable in knowing Dr. Kitamura's method of putting old books in order. The writer found 11 parts of errors in the scholium of Jiujuanjing.④Izawa HakkenRanken, Hakken's father, did not like writing, and his writing about the study of "Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) and Suwen (Plain Questions) does not exist. It can be said that although Ranken's own writing does not exist, we can see academy of Dr.Izawa through Linshushangcengshuji,Lingshujiwen and Lingshushi notes written by his child, Hakken. The father of Izawa Hakken, Ranken established an academic sect of "Ranken school of the five sages" which included Shibue Chusai,Mori Risshi,Yamada Gyoko,Kiyokawa Gendo,Okanishi Gentei and others. It is very important to study academy of Ranken who is the master of he five sages in knowing a sect of Japanese Textual Criticism. Hakken's books were not published in Edo era, but fortunately we have opportunity to see those books now. His study covers variety of fields such as collation, phonology, scholium, characters and so on. I believe that Hakken's books played a very important role in studying a sect of Japanese Textual Criticism and knowing the achievement of Mr. Izawa's study on medical texts. One of the characteristics of Hakken's books is that there are many collation. It was the study enabled by existence of several editions of Taisu (Grand Simplicity of Inner Canon of Huangdi), Jiayijing(A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion), Maijing(Pulse Classi)and Lingshu(Miraculous Pivot). From Hakken's books on study of 3 kinds of "Lingshu(Miraculous Pivot)"(Lingshushangcengshuji,Lingshujiwen, and Lingshushi notes), we can know Mr. Izawa's contribution and distinguished work in philology. While Hakken is a scholar of Textual Criticism, he emphasized the importance of medical method and clinical medicine. Through these books, I have studied academic contents of Hakken.⑤Yijingshenglei written by Yamada Gyoko has the most basic content for studying books of Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor) and Yijingxungu is a book of scholium regarding a character or a word which is hard to understand in Suwen (Plain Questions) Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) and Nanjing.Yamada Gyoko's own view is little observed in the part of Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) of Yijingxungu, but the most characteristic to this book is that it put predecessors'distinguished work in order. Mr. Yamada's scholium of Chinese medicine made much contribution to students by showing how to study books of Chinese medicine and how to put them in order.While Yamada Gyoko studied books on Huangdi Neijing(Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor), at first he took the words from Suwen (Plain Questions), Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) and Nanjing in hiragana letters, put them in order and also described their original sentences. The content of Yijingshenglei was essential to write Yijingxungu. That is to say, Yijingshenglei and Yijingxungu are continuing study. This is a book of study on scholium about characters which are hard to understand in Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor) including Gyoko's Nanjing, and this book has little content concerning collation. Afterward a study of Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor) which succeeded from the fundamentals of this book produced Suwencizhujishu and Nanjingbenyishu.The object of study in this dissertation is aimed at Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) of Yijingxungu. Its content consists of Lingshushi by Taki Genkan and Lingshu jiangyi by Shibue Chusai, and 8 remarks made by Yamada Gyoko himself were found in scholium and 1 remark made by his son Gyosei was found in it. Almost no view of Mr. Yamada was newly observed in Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) of Yijingxungu. However, this book is very useful for review compared with Lingshushi and Lingshujiangyi and it is much superior as a reference book because it was well compiled. Therefore, Yijingxung is an essential book for studying scholium and letters of Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor).Yamada Gyoko often uses ancient dictionaries such as Shuowenjiezi (Origin of Chinese Characters) and Erya in interpreting words and expressions. Many parts of this book refer to the books of Textual Criticism in Qing Dynasty such as Qian Daxin Shijiazhaiyangxinlu,Qianyantangwenji,Duan Yucai Shuowenjiezizhu notes, Gu Yanwu Rizhilu,Shen Tong Shigu,Hao Yixing Eryayishu, Wang Yinzhi Jingzhuanshici and Ji YunSikuquanshutiyao (The summary of general catalogue of SIKUQUANSHU). In China, the origin of Textual Criticism, study of medical books was not much made, and main object of study was literature and history. After Textual Criticism was introduced to Japan in Edo era, Japanese scholars studied actively on medical books. They left remarkable achievement of academic contents such as collation and phonology in Chinese medical books. This is one of the characteristics of Japanese Textual Criticism.Japanese sect of Textual Criticism is the sect of scholars who are familiar with the study of collation and commentaries of medical books using their knowledge of a character, phonology, bibliography and study of edition. Their method of study enlightened modern scholars and presented much data for study of Chinese medical books. They left footprints not only in medical books but also in non-medical books such as a reference book like literature and dictionary and historical books. This shows the importance of utilizing literature and historical books for study of medical books instead of studying medical books only.