The Spread And Influence Of Buddhism In Hehuang Areas During The Song And Yuan Dynasties

On account of the lack of historical date concerning Buddhism in Hehuang Region during Song and Yuan Dynasties, there is still short of thorough research in academic circles. Though there is not thorough research, there are three views about Buddhism in academic circles:first consider it belong to category for Tibetan Buddhism, second think it influenced by the Han and Tibetan Buddhism,third consider it belong to Buddhism generally. On the basis of precious studies and searching for Tibetan and Chinese historical date, this article draws a new conclusion to Buddhism in Hehuang area.This article has three parts:introduction, main body and conclusion. The main body has four chapters.The first chapter discusses the geographical environment and national composition in Hehuang area during the Song and Yuan period. Hehuang area is located in the intersection of Qinghai-Tibet plateau and the loess plateau. Because of the geographical environment suitable for agriculture and animal husbandry, there are peasant and herdsman in Hehuang area. Inhabitant existed in Hehuang area is in the form of Tubo tribe and few Chinese in Tibetan and Chinese historical data. It seems that the residents in Hehuang area have become Tubo people. Through the analysis of historical dada in the paper, we draw a conclusion that both Han and Tibetan lived in Hehuang area during the Song and Yuan period. Since the Yuan dynasty, there are new nationality composition settled down in Hehuang area.The second chapter studies thoroughly the Buddhism of Hehuang area before the Song dynasty. Though Hehuang area is not the Buddhist center, Buddhism has been spreading during the Wei Jin Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Sui and Tang Dynasties and the five Dynasties. There are many archaeology Relic that they are witness of Buddhist development in the early days, Such as grotto statuary of BingLing temple(炳灵寺)from the XiQin to the five Dynasties in YongJing of GanSu province and grottoes murals of North Wei at TuLou Taoist(.土楼观)in XiNing city.there are many temples in the Hehuang area during Tang dynasty, such as FaJiang temple(法讲寺) of Kuozhou of Tang dynasty and ShengMingFuDe temple(圣明福德寺)of Longzhi county(龙支县)of Shanzhou and DaYun temple(大云寺)of Shanzhou and many temples in Lanzhou city and Hezhou. These are all temple of Han Buddhism.Many Buddhist eminent monk lived in Hehuang area during Tang dynasty, such as Daoshen Shi((释道深)of FaJiang temple(法讲寺)of Kuozhou during Zhenguan(贞观)period,Mahayana((摩诃衍)of zen(禅宗)and his Tibetan disciple nam-kavi-snying-poi(南喀宁布即虚空藏)and nam-kavi-snying-po’s disciple ye-she-dbyangsl(益西央),in addition HuiWan Shi(释惠菀)of ShengMingFuDe temple(圣明福德寺)of Longzhi county(龙支县)of Shanzhou. However Tubo Buddhism spread in the center of the Tubo,namely lhoka area and lhasa. Because Zen is exclude from the Tubo Buddhism in the record of the Tibetan Buddhism history, so the influence of Han Buddhism is given priority to the Hehuang area during the Tang dynasty, There is also Tubo Zen.After Lang darma destroyed the Buddhism, vinaya pitakai(律藏)of Tubo Buddhism that was brought in Hehuang area by Tubo Buddhist gtsang-rab-gsal(藏饶赛)land gyo-dge-vbyung(约格迥)and dmar-skakya-mu-ni((玛释迦摩尼)influenced in the Hehuang area, and their disciple bla-che-dgong-pa-rab-gsal(：拉钦贡巴饶赛)developed bla-che discipline school(拉钦戒律学派)However, according to Buddhist don’t keep the commandment during the Song dynasty, we know that the influence of bla-che discipline school was negligible.The third chapter study regimes of Hehuang area during the Song period and the regimes have taken the religious policy and study the spread of Buddhism in Hehuang area during the Song period. The influence of Han Buddhism is given priority to the Hehuang area during the Song dynasty. In addition, Song dynasty build many Zen temple in the Hehuang area after the conquest to Hehuang, we know that Zen was still spread by Song dynast. Tibetan is the Buddhist language among the Buddhist in the Hehuang area from the Song dynasty "Guangren Zen temple stele of Minzhou ".On the basis of becoming Han and becoming Tubo of the national groups in the Hexi area during Tang dynasty, and there are a few Chinese activities in Qingtang city during Gu-Si-Luo regime period, and the people of Xining moved to Yunjingl：云京)during early Yuan Dynasty,that there is Liurong’s(刘容)family among them, we draw a conclusion that the Tubo tribe is the organization form of national group, and Tibetan is the official language of Gu-Si-Luo regime, but we can not deny that there are many Han tribe among the Tubo tribe, and Chinese is still in common use in Hehuang area.The forth chapter study the Tibetan Buddhism in Hehuang area during the Yuan dynasty. The united political situation provides a safe political environment for the development of Tibetan Buddhism to the East during the Yuan dynasty. Tibetan Buddhism venerated by The Yuan dynasty royal provides convenience for the development of Tibetan Buddhism to the East. The spread of Tibetan Buddhism in Hehuang area is done by eminent monk of Tibetan Buddhism going back and forth Dadu city. In addition to the Dun-zhu-ren-qin(顿珠仁钦)who is the Buddhist of Bkah gdam pa(噶当派)and spread the Tibetan Buddhism in Hehuang area after studied Buddhism to central Tibet, there are a little of eminent monk of Tibetan Buddhism who settle down long-term in Hehuang area and spread the Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore we can say that the spread of Tibetan Buddhism is still no a system in Hehuang area, and belong to the preliminary stage of the spread.Through the study of the paper, we draw the conclusion that Buddhism of Hehuang area is mostly about the influence of Zen Buddhism during the Song and Yuan period. Tibetan Buddhism introduced into Hehuang area in Yuan dynasty and added new elements of religious belief for people in Hehuang area, also influenced the policy in Hehuang area for the central government of Ming dynasty.