Study On Ecological Compensation Mechanism Of Capital Transboundary Water Source

Water is an important ecological resource for the development of human society.With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, the shortage of water resource and deterioration of water environment have become increasingly prominent,which restricts the sustainable development of the cities. Beijing belongs to the severe shortage of water recourse area, and water shortage has been a major bottleneck restricting the development of Beijing. The self-produced water from cross border water sources is an important source available to Beijing, and Guanting reservoir is an important source in Beijing. However, the capacity of the reservoir has been declining(it’s only 46 million cubic meters in 2014), the water quality is only IV which is below the standards for drinking water, and the functions of water ecosystem services of the reservoir have deteriorated. Pollution induced water shortage has restricted the water supply from Guanting to Beijing. In order for Guanting to guarantee the quality and quantity of water supplied to Beijing, the development of the industries of water source and upstream regions has been strictly restrained, causing the contradiction between the right of economic development and eco-environment protection of the water source protection area.According to “polluter pays principle” and “beneficiary pays principle”, the laws on environmental protection, prevention and control of water pollution and the message of conferences on ecological and environmental protection, constructing the compensation mechanism of transboundary water ecological protection can realize the coordinated development of different administrative boundaries of social economy and ecological protection in the basin.From the view of the coordinated development of Beijing and Hebei, this paper takes as the research object Huailai County of Hebei province and Yanqing District of Beijing,which are located in the 1st and 2nd water protection zone of Guanting reservoir, and part of the districts and counties of Zhangjiakou, which are inside the Guanting Reservoir basin,combing on the practices of watershed and water ecological compensation at home and abroad, and analyzes the driving factors of transboundary water ecological compensation as well as the space of ecological compensation and principle of ecological compensation of water resources distribution. With the method of game theory, this paper also analyzes the behavior of stakeholders of the capital of transboundary water ecological compensation,and estimates the standard of ecological compensation of capital transboundary water sources using the methods of direct market approach, surrogate market approach andhypothetical market approach. From the view of the ecological coordinated development of Beijing and Hebei, it studies on the ecological compensation mechanism of cross-border water sourc. The main conclusions are as follows:(1) Based on the analyses on the theory of ecological compensation, the ecological location and differential ecological cost theory and model of city water ecological location theory, this paper constructs a model of water level difference of ecological compensation.Ecological location and differential ecological cost theory provides a theoretical basis for studying the transboundary water sources of the spatial differentiation of ecological compensation, and the standard of ecological compensation and ecological compensation mode. According to urban water ecological niche model, and taking the urban drinking water source as the center, according to the ability to pay the cost of the ecological environment and ecological service function, around the perimeter of the drinking water source protection areas to form layered distribution ring, from inside to outside: water ecological protection zone, ecological agriculture, ecological habitat, and ecological industrial zone. From the water level difference of ecological compensation model can be seen, the water level difference of ecological compensation and the forest and grass still wet, the economic losses of the change of land use of farmland, and different types of land ecosystem service value added, and reservoir water ecological protection cost is proportional relation. With different types of land from the reservoir space is inversely proportional to the distance relationship.(2) From the cost and benefit perspective, this paper uses the game analysis and studies on the transboundary water ecological compensation, and concludes that there is a dilemma between the ecological compensation and ecological protection and environmental governance of the water in the basin between the upper and lower streams.Cross border governments should normalize the game behavior between upper- and lower-stream governments through the effective constraint protocols on ecological protection of water resources.(3) This paper uses the methods of market value, recovery expense, reforestation cost method, shadow price method, contingent valuation method, opportunity cost method, and from the water ecosystem service value, water resources, residents’ willingness to pay and willingness to accept, as well as the perspective of opportunity cost, estimate the ecological compensation standard of transboundary water sources. Based on the cultivated land,garden, woodland, grassland, four types of land uses, Huailai and Yanqing ecological system service value respectively were 117089.47 million yuan and 192198.61 millionyuan in 2013, Huailai Central Library of 7 villages in the value of ecosystem services is56514.94 million yuan, Yanqing Central Library of 3 villages in the value of ecosystem services is 115694.32 million yuan. The standard of ecological compensation based on water quality of reservoir recovery is 18.68 billion yuan, from the angle of water Beijing should be given water ecological compensation amount 5.124 billion yuan. The underground water source ecological compensation of residents’ willingness to pay(WTP) in 56200-86200(million yuan / year), Huailai county and Yanqing region’s farmers,the total amount of repayment respectively 16171.545 million yuan and 16545.06 million yuan,Huailai Central Library 7 towns and 3 villages and towns of Yanqing Central Library of farmers in the repayment of the total amount respectively 7189.455 million yuan and5687.64 million yuan. The respondent’s gender, age, education level, family size, family income, and perceived on the ecological environment protection of water sources, affecting the willingness to pay for ecological compensation significantly. Age, education level,family income, and the respondents to the underground water source tour of water resources of water quality, water ecological environment protection and ecological compensation policy cognition, marginal effect on the willingness to pay values significantly. The loss of the right to development were 656325.65 million yuan and2240656.11 million yuan in Huailai, Yanqing.(4) For transboundary water sources, ecological compensation can be given based upon the initial allocation of water rights, and the compensation mode of non-profit organizations to participate in the government, market, and social diversification can be established. This paper proposes on the establishment of transboundary water ecological protection of water resource consultation platform, and the special fund for Beijing and Hebei watershed ecological environment protection. From the perspective of the coordinated development of Beijing and Hebei, this paper also proposes on the improving of the inter-regional ecological regulations, the implementation of two-say ecological compensation in the river basin, and the ecological assessment of the water sources, in order to protect the ecological environment of transboundary water sources.