Revenue Distribution In The Process Of Land Expropriation And Land Transaction In The Yangtze River Economic Belt

With the rapid advancement of urbanization,the rural-urban land conversion,which is mainly based on land expropriation and transaction,is facing both internal and external pressures.In the internal environment,land expropriation and land transaction involve farmers,collectives,local governments,and central government,the ability of farmers and collectives to negotiate land revenue distribution is relatively weak.The space for revenue distribution has been compressed;In the external environment,the demand for land caused by rapid urbanization has intensified the rural-urban land conversion and the expansion of incremental land,further exacerbating the contradiction in the distribution of land revenue.The decentralization of central and local finance has driven the rural-urban land conversion of local government and spawned land finance.Therefore,in the context of high-speed urbanization and industrialization,it is an important topic of academic and government attention to discuss the reasonable distribution in land expropriation and transaction,especially how to protect the land rights and interests of collectives and farmers.Firstly,this study evaluates the current situation of revenue distribution in land expropriation and transfer in 126 cities of the Yangtze River Economic Belt,and analyzes it from the two aspects of revenue volume and distribution structure;Secondly,Based on the comprehensive value of agricultural land,based on the comprehensive value of farmland,this paper discusses the scope of balanced revenue distribution of 11 major cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from the perspective of land development right and subject contribution risk(the Shapley value method);Finally,according to the current institutional framework of country’s land revenue distribution,policy suggestions are put forward to improve the status quo of revenue distribution.The research conclusions are as follows:(1)Under the current distribution of land revenue,collectives and farmers have not obtained the value-added revenue of the land,and they are in a weak position in the distribution.On the one hand,the revenue of collectives and farmers comes from the economic production value of farmland,while the revenue of the government comes from the revenue of land transaction and related taxes and fees,and the improvement of land expropriation compensation standard is lower than the value-added of land market revenue,resulting in the further reduction of the revenue proportion of collectives and farmers in time;On the other hand,the difference in revenue between cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt mainly comes from local governments,and the differences in other entities contribute relatively little to the overall difference,and local governments have a dominant voice in the distribution.(2)Land revenue distribution has obvious differences in the Yangtze River Economic Belt,downstream>upstream>midstream.Whether in the distribution quantity or distribution structure,there are large differences within the Yangtze River Economic Belt,there are large internal differences,especially in the distribution structure,which has broken through the current degree of difference in residents’income distribution in China.In space,the distribution structure presents the layout of downstream>upstream>midstream and has formed the East-West“dual core”agglomeration and the central extension belt;In time,the difference in revenue between the upstream and others is increasing,while the difference between the midstream and others is gradually narrowing,The scope of the East-West“dual core”agglomeration is gradually reduced and dispersed with the passage of time,which is manifested in the decentralization of spatial agglomeration characteristics and the overall equalization with the passage of time(3)Taking land development right as the basis for revenue distribution,which can achieve a balanced land revenue distribution.The comprehensive land average distribution ratio of the government,collectives and farmers is 68.7%:31.3%in the 11major cities of the Yangtze River Economy Belt;there are significant differences in the revenue distribution between the collectives,farmers and the government,mainly due to the development of the land market.Therefore,taking land development right as the basis for revenue distribution can adapt to the dynamic changes of the urban land market,and enable the collectives,farmers and government to obtain balanced land revenue.(4)The invisible land market is the source of the loss of government land revenue.According to the Shapley value method analysis of the cooperative game,whether the land expropriation area is less than 35 hm~2or more than 35 hm~2,the government’s contribution to land revenue is the highest.Invisible land transactions affect government revenue,especially local government land revenue,and the illegal revenue generated by invisible market transactions will weaken the key role of the government.(5)Only by clearly defining the subject’s revenue boundary and balanced revenue distribution can protect the legitimate rights and interests of collectives and farmers.Firstly,based on the land development right,the ratio of revenue to collectives and farmers has been significantly increased,the lowest proportion of revenue distribution reaching 11.58%,most obvious in industrial use.Differences in the development of land markets between cities have brought about differences in the distribution of land revenue.Secondly,when the land expropriation area is less than 35 hm~2,the lower proportion of farmers’revenue is 7.31%,the lower proportion of collectives’revenue is 5.13%,and the upper proportion of government revenue is 85.49%;When the land expropriation area is more than 35 hm~2,the lower proportion of farmers’revenue is13.18%,the proportion of collectives’revenue is 13.45%,the actual revenue of local governments only accounts for about 2%,and the upper proportion of the central government is 71.79%.Whether it is based on the land development right or the subject’s contribution,which are beneficial to protect the legitimate interests of collectives and farmers.Based on the research conclusions,the author puts forward the following suggestions:(1)Establish dynamic land expropriation compensation standards with reference to the benchmark land price,fully consider the differences of land use types,protect the legitimate rights and interests of collectives and farmers from the policy,and improve the negotiation ability of collectives and farmers in the distribution of land revenue.(2)Combine linkage and focus,commit to internal balance,focus on optimizing interregional differences,and promote regional coordinated and common development.(3)By strengthening the crackdown,increasing illegal costs and strengthening centralization,cracking down on invisible land market transactions and protect the legitimate rights and interests of the government.(4)Explore the secondary distribution mode of land revenue,clarify the basic sharing proportion,improve the land property right system,and reconstruct the distribution pattern of land revenue.