Research On Scaling Blockchain Systems Via Zk-SNARKs And Sharding

As an emerging distributed ledger,blockchain is favored by academia and industry for its decentralized and tamper-evident characteristics and is widely used in finance,supply chain,and medical fields.However,its scalability,low transaction verification rate,security,centralization of mining pools,and other issues have seriously restricted blockchain development.Based on the highly secure and non-interactive nature of zkSNARKs and the highly scalable sharding,a scalable blockchain ledger based on zkSNARKs and sharding is constructed.Combining technologies such as zeroknowledge proof,sharding,trusted execution environment(TEE),and directed acyclic graph(DAG)with blockchain,the model proposes a strongly consistent scalable blockchain protocol ledger via zk-SNARKs and constructs a scalable blockchain network via full sharding.The main work and innovations of the thesis are as follows:(1)To address the problems of centralized mining pools and poor scalability in traditional blockchain systems,we design zk Chain,a strongly consistent and scalable protocol ledger.Zk Chain divides the proof of work(Po W)into two parts,serialized transactions,and consensus,through decoupling,to reduce the arithmetic power demand of small and medium-sized nodes in the blockchain,protect nodes’ revenue,and improve scalability and consistency.It reduces the need for arithmetic power of micro and small nodes,improves scalability and consistency;reduces the problem of double spending of transactions with the help of sliding window protocol;avoids forking due to network and geographical delays by competing consensus groups,improves operational efficiency and provides better fault tolerance.(2)To address the problems of low transaction verification efficiency,light node verification relying on entire node reputation,and the possibility of privacy leakage of data in traditional blockchain systems,the zero-knowledge proof is led into transaction verification,and a zero-knowledge proof scheme based on zk-SNARKs is proposed to guarantee the anonymity of users and data privacy.Security analysis and simulation experiments show that the algorithm can provide strong privacy guarantees while improving the transaction verification rate of the blockchain.(3)In response to the problems of insufficient blockchain scalability,low throughput,and high transaction latency,an expandable blockchain network based on sharding is constructed.The extensible blockchain network expands the blockchain by sharding multiple zk Chain protocol ledgers in parallel and handling the workload independently.Each shard independently uses zk-SNARKs zero-knowledge proof scheme to complete transaction verification,which linearly improves the model throughput.At the same time,the dynamic configuration of nodes is performed by improving the Cuckoo Rule combined with TEE,and DAG and namespace handle the cross-shards transaction problem to achieve transaction atomicity and consistency under the goals of high expansion and high throughput.Security and performance analysis show that the scalable blockchain network has high security and execution efficiency.