A Study On American Research Universities’ Participation In Civil-military Integration After The Second World War

The United States is a country in the world where research universities participated in civil-military integration earlier and developed more mature.The participation of American research universities in civil-military integration has achieved remarkable results,which has an significant impact on the national defense construction and economic development of the United States.Currently,China has marched into the stage of in-depth development of civil-military integration,and the Chinese research universities actively participate in the national defense scientific research cooperation and high-level talent cultivation.Therefore,conducting research on American research universities’ participation in civil-military integration,analyzing the development process,and summarizing the achievements,characteristics,and challenges has certain enlightenment significance for Chinese research universities’ participation in civil-military integration.The first part of the dissertation reviews the development of American research universities’ participation in civil-military integration.The participation of American research universities in civil-military integration has generally experienced the following four stages: germination stage,forming stage,expansion stage and deepening stage.In the first stage,a few research universities relied on educational resources to train military personnel and develop new weapons.The germination of universities’ participation in civil-military integration emerged before the end of the First World War,but the connection between universities and national defense agencies was relatively loose.In the second stage,research universities’ participation in civil-military integration took shape before the end of the Second World War.The large-scale national defense scientific research projects undertaken by research universities made great achievements,effectively safeguarding the national interests.In the third stage,research universities’ participation in civil-military integration further expended before the end of the Cold War,and universities continued to maintain close contact with national defense agencies.In the fourth stage,after the end of the Cold War,research universities took part in the in-depth development of civil-military integration,and played an important role in emerging scientific and technological fields.The second part discusses the motivations and approaches of the American research universities’ participation in civil-military integration after the Second World War.The long-term tradition of cooperation between American research universities and national defense agencies,the expansion of external funding sources,the requirement of performing basic functions,and the belief of administrators to serve national interests are important motivations for universities to actively participate in civil-military integration.American research universities participate in civil-military integration by conducting national defense research,cultivating high-level talents,and providing social services.The third part analyzes the guarantee and supervision methods of American research universities’ participation in civil-military integration.The participation of American research universities in civil-military integration has been guaranteed in terms of institutions,funding and agreements,clearing obstacles for promoting the development of civil-military integration.In order to ensure that the universities’ participation in civil-military integration does not violate the principle of academic freedom,the cooperation between American research universities and national defense agencies is subject to the policy supervision from federal government agencies,the administrative supervision within universities and the public opinion supervision from the news media.The forth part summarizes the achievements,characteristics and challenges of American research universities’ participation in civil-military integration.The achievements of American research universities’ participation in civil-military integration mainly includes promoting the development of research in emerging scientific and technological fields;enriching the forms of cooperation;gathering national defense research resources;improving the quality of cooperative education.The characteristics of American research universities’ participation in civil-military integration are as follows: aiming at serving national interests;leveraging the respective advantages of universities and national defense agencies;emphasizing the construction of intermediate coordination mechanisms;and attaching importance to interdisciplinary cooperation research.The main challenges faced by American research universities’ participation in civil-military integration are mainly that it has been controversial for research universities to accept funding from national defense agencies to engage in scientific research;the excessive pursuit of research funding by university researchers also weakens the universities’ performance of basic functions to a certain extent;the US government’s strict control over national defense scientific research projects and restrictions on normal academic exchanges not only hinder the dissemination of new knowledge and research cooperation,but also harm the development of civil-military integration in the United States.The enlightenment significance of American research universities’ participation in civil-military integration for Chinese research universities are as follows: strengthen the top-level design of universities’ participation in civil-military integration,providing direction guidance;use educational resources to cultivate innovative talents,playing the role as talent reservoirs;make full use of intellectual advantages to contribute to the realization of higher civil-military integration technological innovation goals;avoid the negative impact of the universities’ participation in civil-military integration.