Research On The Association Between Fundamental Movement Skills And Physical Activity Among Children And Adolescents With Intellect Disability

Background:According to the results of the 2020 China Basic Special Education Survey,students with intellectual disabilities(ID)account for the largest number of students with disabilities in schools.Children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities have significantly lower physical activity(PA)levels than typically developing children and adolescents of the same age due to limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.More than 70% of children and adolescents with ID in China do not meet the recommended daily amount of at least 60 minutes of moderate-tovigorous intensity physical activity(MVPA)as recommended by the World Health Organization(WHO).Fundamental movement skills(FMS)are the cornerstone of active participation in organized or unorganized PA and have a positive impact on the physical and mental health of children and adolescents.There is limited research on FMS and PA of children and adolescents with ID in China,and there is an urgent need to understand the degree of FMS mastery and PA level of this population and the relationship between them,to provide a basis for the design of motor skills teaching programs for children and adolescents with ID in the special education physical education and health curriculum,to better meet the actual teaching needs of special physical education researchers and special education teachers,and to provide a reference for the health promotion of children and adolescents with ID.Purposes:The purpose of this study was(1)to explore the association between FMS and PA level;(2)to understand the current status and socio-demographic influences on the level of FMS proficiency and PA development in children and adolescents with ID.Methods:A literature-based approach was used to review the effects of FMS acquisition and PA levels and sociodemographic factors in children and adolescents with ID,as well as the current development of research related to FMS and PA.The measurement method was used to select 93 students with ID with a mean age of 13.27 ± 3.35 years from the special education center in Yinchuan,Ningxia,by convenience sampling,and their FMS were assessed using the TGMD-2,and their PA levels were measured by accelerometers for 7 consecutive days.Mathematical and statistical methods were used to statistically analyze the proficiency of FMS,and PA levels,and the association between them in children and adolescents with ID.Results:(1)Children and adolescents with ID had low mastery of FMS and significantly higher mastery of locomotor skills than of object control skills(t = 3.989,p < 0.01).The actual scores of locomotor skills(t =-16.91,p < 0.01),object control skills(t =-25.39,p < 0.01)and FMS(t =-21.83,p < 0.01)of children and adolescents with ID were significantly lower than full marks.Different degrees of ID significantly affected the mastery of locomotor skills(Z = 17.37,p < 0.01),object control skills(Z = 17.37,p < 0.01),and FMS(Z = 20.32,p < 0.01)in Children and adolescents with ID.(2)The average daily LPA time was 215.43±60.01 min/d,MPA time was 31.56±8.13 min/d,VPA time was 8.17±4.93 min/d,MVPA time was 39.73±12.50 min/d,and TPA time was 255.16±61.28 min/d in children and adolescents with ID.Only 9.68% of children and adolescents with ID met the WHO recommendations of at least 60 minutes of MVPA per day.There was no significant difference in the average LPA time per day among children and adolescents with different degrees of ID(p > 0.05).Significant differences were found in average daily MPA time(F = 7.784,p < 0.01),VPA time(Z= 4.396,p < 0.001),MVPA time(F = 13.440,p < 0.001),and TPA time(F = 42.212,p< 0.05).(3)FMS mastery had a strong explanatory effect on PA levels,explaining37%,37.5%,and 40.1% of the average daily MPA,VPA,and MVPA times,respectively.Object control skills were the only variable explaining average daily MPA,MVPA,and TPA time,whereas locomotor skills were the only variable explaining average daily VPA time.Conclusions:(1)Children and adolescents with ID tend to have delayed maturity of FMS patterns and lower proficiency in objective control skills.Gender,age,and BMI level had no significant effect on the proficiency of FMS of children and adolescents with ID,and the degree of disability could significantly affect the proficiency of FMS.(2)Children and adolescents with ID generally have less time and generally lower intensity of PA.Only nearly ten percent of children and adolescents with ID meet the WHO recommendations for PA for children and adolescents with disabilities.Gender,age,and BMI level had no significant effect on the average daily PA time for each intensity,and the degree of disability could significantly affect the PA time for each intensity and the total PA time for children and adolescents with ID except for the low-intensity PA time.(3)FMS and its two dimensions were positively correlated with average daily moderate-intensity PA time,vigorous-intensity PA time,moderateto-vigorous intensity PA time,and total PA time in a low to a moderate degree.FMS proficiency significantly predicted PA levels in children and adolescents with ID,locomotor skills only predicted average daily vigorous-intensity PA time,and object control skills predicted moderate-intensity PA time,moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA time and total PA time...