| Deception is a social behavior in which individuals deliberately mislead others in order to obtain benefits or avoid losses.The detection rate of human deception is only slightly higher than the average(54%),and finding stable and reliable deception cues is the key to improve the detection rate of deception.According to the inhibition hypothesis and the emotional leakage theory,people will expose deception cues in order to hide or cover up the emotions caused by lying.Because it is difficult to simulate the real deception situation in laboratory research,some scholars believe that the ecological validity of laboratory research results is not good.Some researchers have proposed that in laboratory research,it can be considered to induce high emotional arousal of the subjects before the experiment,so as to simulate the emotional arousal state in real situations,so as to increase the ecological validity of laboratory research results.Therefore,this paper will study the effect of emotional elicitation on the disclosure of deception cues.In total,the papers include two meta-analysis studies and one fNIRS study.Study one aimed to reveal the consistency of deception in activating brain regions.A brain imaging meta-analysis based on activation likelihood estimation(ALE)was used to analyze 64 experimental studies on deception brain imaging(1305 subjects in total and 756 activation peaks in total).It was found that deception consistently activated the following areas: superior frontal gyrus(BA6),middle frontal gyrus(BA9,10),inferior frontal gyrus(BA45,47),temporoparietal junction(including middle temporal gyrus,BA21;Supramarginal gyrus,BA40),cingulate gyrus(BA32)and insula(BA13).The prefrontal cortex and the temporoparietal junction were the most active,suggesting that these two brain regions are at the heart of deception.Study 2,based on Study 1,compared the results of meta-analysis of existing brain imaging studies on active and passive deception,with the purpose of exploring the neural mechanism of passive deception.This helps to reveal the nature of deception.At the same time,the research results can also provide reference coordinate points for effective measurement of Regions of Interest(ROI)in fNIRS research,laying a foundation for subsequent fNIRS research.The results of comparative analysis showed that compared with active deception,passive deception significantly activated the inferior frontal gyrus(BA45,47),insula,and clacus.The results of this study provide a basis for the selection of Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex(VMPFC),also known as inferior frontal gyrus(IFG),as the region of interest in subsequent fNIRS studies.In Study 3,the ventrolateral prefrontal lobe was selected as the region of interest(ROI)measured in the fNIRS study based on the results of the meta-analysis study.The simulated crime paradigm was used to explore the differences of three indicators,namely,keystroke response time,facial expression and blood oxygen concentration change,among cheaters under emotion-induced conditions.The results showed that the behavior index,facial expression index and near-infrared index of deception induced by happy emotion were different.The specific performance was as follows:(1)There was a significant difference in the key response of deception between emotioninduced and neutral emotion conditions(t=-2.325,p=0.021,effect size=0.192);(2)The AU12 frequency of deception activation was significantly different between emotion-induced and neutral emotion conditions(t=2.470,p=0.027,effect size=0.638).Machine learning could also distinguish the deception materials under emotion-induced and neutral emotion conditions with high accuracy.(3)There were significant differences in the changes of blood oxygen concentration in channels 3,5,7,and 9 between cheating and honest responses under emotion-induced conditions,but no significant differences were found in the neutral emotion group.In conclusion,based on previous studies,this paper summarizes the neural activities involved in deception by using the activation likelihood ratio brain imaging meta-analysis method,and reveals that the prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction area of the brain are more activated during deception.Through the comparative analysis of active deception and passive deception,it was found that compared with active deception,passive deception activated the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex(IFG)more,which provided reference coordinates for effective measurement of region of interest(ROI)in fNIRS study.Then,based on the brain imaging meta-analysis,the effect of emotional eliculation on deception cue disclosure was investigated by fNIRS.It was found that there were significant differences between the emotion-induced group and the neutral emotion group in the three indexes of keystroke reaction time,facial expression and blood oxygen concentration.These results can help to understand the neural mechanism of deception,and have certain significance to construct and improve the related theory of deception.It is confirmed that emotional elicitation can expose more deception cues,which provides a new possibility for finding deception cues and improving the recognition rate of deception detection. |
