A Study Of The Repair And Restoration System Of The Qin And Han Dynasties

As a daily activity that is closely related to people’s lives,repair is not only a matter of personal concern,but also an important part of the management of public affairs of the state,and the Qin and Han dynasties have built up a series of more complete management rules for the repair of artifacts and projects.This paper is divided into four chapters,which focus on the act of repair and the system of rules that governed and controlled it by the official will during the Qin and Han dynasties,as reflected in historical sources.The first chapter is the introductory part,This chapter mainly combs the research results of the academic community on the problems related to the repair in the Qin and Han dynasties.And the topic selection and research methods of this paper are explained.In addition,this section defines the scope and public-private nature of restoration.In this paper,the maintenance,repair and reconstruction of artifacts and projects for the purpose of maintaining their original functions are identified as repair.And the central,local,the imperial family and by the official intervention of the private repair behavior are included in the public scope of the overall discussion.The second chapter mainly summarizes the damage phenomena and repair behaviors in the Qin and Han dynasties presented in the existing historical materials,divide.d into two parts: object and project.The historical data of instrument damage mainly focus on weapons and vehicles,including parts damage,deformation and misalignment.And for its repair behavior can be divided into two kinds of adjustment correction and repair and replace.In addition,this chapter also selected grease,glue,lacquer three kinds of auxiliary materials in the repair of artifacts,as well as adobe,paint two kinds of basic materials in the repair of the project to explore the raw materials,processes and use.The third chapter,based on the consolidation of the repair behavior,discusses the reflected management system respectively.The first is the bookkeeping management system.The institutions at all levels responsible for instruments and projects carry out multi-level management through regular registration,verification and review of their basic conditions.Such property management system based on the bookkeeping documents is the basis for the orderly progress of all aspects of the repair work,such as damage,repair,supervision and accountability.The second is the labor organization system.The labor force used in the restoration includes many sources,such as hereditary labor,employment,requisitioned people,Tuli(徒隶),Juzishuzhai(居赀赎债).Skilled laborers such as handicraft workers are usually relatively fixed,while manual laborers’participation in the restoration project is usually organized temporarily in the order of Tuli--Juzishuzhai--fixed corvee labor--temporary corvee labor.For those who were badly damaged and could not be repaired,a relatively perfect waste disposal system was also formulated and implemented in the Qin and Han dynasties to dismantle,distribute,sell or recycle them on the principle of minimizing property losses.In the Qin and Han dynasties,according to the category of repair affairs,the officers in charge of repair can be divided into two types.One is that the officers in the military and civil institutions concurrently serve,and the other is specially set up by the central government,which were mainly represented by counties,garrison troops and Gongguan(工官),arsenal,and Jiangzuodajiang(将作大匠),forming two sets of repair management modes with great differences in the object of repair,function division,autonomy and other aspects.Chapter 4 for the study of repair-related issues,the repair of the year taboo and folk repair two issues to explore the relation between ritual and custom,official and people.In terms of taboos at the age of the Qin and Han dynasties,the upper rulers and the middle and lower people carried out renovation activities in accordance with the two sets of parallel time order in the month order and the day book respectively.However,in the concrete practice process,both sides subtly or consciously accepted the integration of each other’s cultural traditions,forming a cultural model with the interaction of ritual and customs as the basic characteristics.Although the government played a leading role at the institutional level in the folk renovation activities closely related to the people,such as Yizhong affairs,the people usually did not fully follow the institutional regulations,but organized and managed the renovation activities by themselves in the form of clan or folk organizations,such as the grange in the Han Dynasty and the civil organizations that jointly managed water conservancy in Dunhuang.The participation of these folk forces in the renovation affairs is usually tacitly accepted or even intentionally supported by the official authorities.This kind of surrender of official authority to the old folk customs is the specific embodiment of the elasticity in the national grass-roots management.