Study On Urban Defense Of Yingkou In Late Qing Dynasty(1861-1911)

After the defeat of the Second Opium War,with the signing of Tianjin Treaty between China and Britain,Yingkou became the first commercial port city in Northeast China and the only treaty port in Northeast China before Dalian was opened in 1907.The defense of the old Yingkou city gradually changed.Combining with the characteristics of Yingkou’s social development in modern times,this paper discusses the formation and preliminary development of Yingkou’s urban defense,and focuses on the defensive characteristics of Yingkou area in order to prevent foreign enemies from invading the interior of Mukden during the Second Opium War and the development direction of Yingkou’s urban defense after the war.Secondly,the paper discusses the development and evolution of Yingkou’s urban defense under the background of westernization movement.The military construction of Yingkou,the construction of defense facilities,the modernization of military service system and the development of urban defense system are analyzed.This paper discusses that Yingkou city defense system began to decline with the Sino-Japanese War,Tsarist Russian invasion in 1900 and the subsequent Russo-Japanese War.In addition,in the construction of urban defense system,Yingkou coastal defense strength enhancement,let Yingkou city defense shows its own characteristics.Before and after the Sino-Japanese War,the limitations of Yingkou city defense began to be exposed as the imperialist powers intensified their struggle for Northeast China.Finally,the paper summarizes the urban defense characteristics of Yingkou in the late Qing Dynasty,and makes an overall evaluation of the modern urban defense system of Yingkou.