Collation And Research Of The Officer’s Documents Of Dunhuang

As an important and mature period for the development of ancient Chinese official documents,all kinds of official documents have been basically finalized and widely used in the process of government handling various affairs,becoming an important carrier of government information transmission and archive retention.As for the definition of the scope of official documents,this paper holds that all the documents made by the government during the operation of the government,such as the imperial decree,table,ultimatum,letter,recommendation,account calendar,household registration,and ledger,belong to the category of official documents.In the classical books of the Tang and Song dynasties,such as The Complete Prose of the Tang Dynasty,the Complete Prose of the Song Dynasty,and the Collection of Great Imperial Edicts of the Tang Dynasty,there are some samples of official documents,but the number is small,and it is difficult to know the format,style,operation procedure and applicable conditions of each type of official documents from them.The publication of Dunhuang documents provides us with a large number and detailed first-hand historical materials for the study of official documents.Dunhuang in the Tang and Song Dynasties was under the rule of the Loyalist army,which existed for nearly 180 years as a vassal town in the northwest of the late Tang and early Song Dynasties.Most of the official documents in Dunhuang documents were about the internal affairs and foreign affairs of the loyalist army regime.Through the examination and identification of the Dunhuang documents,a total of 320 official documents about the Loyalist Army period were collected.Moreover,the academic circle has not systematically sorted out and studied it,so this paper chooses the official documents during the Guiyi Army period as the research object,takes the official documents as the entry point,and studies the internal and diplomatic history of Guiyi Army from the perspective of historical documentations.This paper is divided into three parts:introduction,text(four chapters)and conclusion:The first section of the introduction introduces the reason why this paper chooses Guiyi officer’s paper as the research topic,and summarizes the important difficulties and innovations in the writing of this paper.The second section combs the academic history of the scope definition of official documents and the specific research on the content of each kind of official documents,and introduces the current situation of the research on official documents at home and abroad.It is found that there is little overall research on official documents in the Tang and Song dynasties,which highlights the significance of this study.The third part is a general introduction to the research content of the article.The first chapter of the text is the presentation after the compilation and sorting of the officer documents and the classification and introduction of each type of officer documents.The first section of this Chapter is presented in the form of a table.The 320 official documents collected are drawn into a table according to the date of the instrument,the number of the instrument,the official who was in office when the instrument was written,the type of the instrument,the information of the manuscript of the instrument,and the chronological order of the official who was in office.The value of drawing this table is that it can intuitively present the historical facts contained in the righteous officer’s documents,and the basic information of each document is listed in the table for easy search and use.The 320 official documents recorded in this collection include ten types of official documents,including decrees,ultimatums,edicts,tables,lists,posts,pledges,commissions,letters and appeals.In the second section of this chapter,these ten types of official documents are classified and studied.First,the general characteristics of these types of official documents in the Tang and Song dynasties are introduced.Then the paper makes a detailed research on the format and content of the officer’s document.The second chapter is the chronological research of the 113 official documents without clear year number or Ganzhi year in the collected Guiyi officer documents.By using the research results of senior scholars and my own research,I can give a specific year or precise chronological range of these official documents without date.The age of the documents is one of the most important prerequisites for the study of the Guiyi military history by using Dunhuang documents.Only when the date of the documents is determined,can each historical event be connected according to the date,forming a complete time clue,and then sorting out the development of the Guiyi military regime.The third chapter is the study of the foreign communication documents in the official documents of the Returning Rebellion army.The foreign communication of the returning Rebellion army regime is mainly the communication with the Central Plains dynasty and the neighboring minority regimes.The geographical location and political environment of the returning Rebellion Army require that the returning Rebellion army must rely on the voice of the Central Dynasty to intimidate the neighboring minority regimes.Based on the identity of orthodox Fanzhen in Central Plains in Hexi region,the first section of this chapter mainly studies the communication between Zhang family and Cao family and the Central Plains dynasty during the period of returning to the rebellion Army from the perspective of the tribute history of returning to the Rebellion Army,and explores the influence of the diplomatic strategy and policy of returning to the Rebellion Army on the regime of Returning to the Rebellion Army.In addition to the contacts with the Central Plains,the contacts between the Guiyi Army and the neighboring ethnic regimes were also an important part of the Guiyi Army’s foreign contacts,among which the contacts with the Uyghur of Ganzhou and the Uyghur of Ktep were the most important.The second section of this chapter mainly discusses the relationship between the Guiyi Army and the Uyghur of Ganzhou.The Uyghur of Ganzhou and the Guiyi Army were close to each other in the east.During the period of Zhang’s return to the Rebel Army,the Uighur Kingdom of Ganzhou experienced four periods of dependence--counterbalance--restoration of contacts--expedition.The Uighur Kingdom of Ganzhou continued to expand its power.By the time of Zhang Chengfeng,the Uighur Kingdom of Ganzhou had surpassed the Return to the Rebel Army and defeated the Jinshan Kingdom founded by Zhang Chengfeng in the war,forcing Zhang to admit the humiliating "father-son relationship".The biggest influence of the Uighur Kingdom of Ganzhou on the regime of the Rebellion Army was to block the path of the Rebellion Army’s tributes to the Central Plains.Although Cao Yijin and other emissaries adopted active foreign policies such as political marriage or diplomatic missions,the two sides still had frequent frictions and conflicts,but generally speaking,the two sides maintained a relatively peaceful communication trend.The third section mainly discusses the exchanges between Kuijun and Khotan.Since the beginning of the exchanges,Kuijun and Khotan have maintained very close and friendly relations.The two sides formed an alliance for the same political purpose,that is,to find strategic Allies.Khotan’s exchanges with the Kuiyutian Army also became a story on the Silk Road.The fourth chapter is a study of the internal governance documents of the Rebel Army.The internal governance of the rebel regime is closely related to its organizational structure,information transmission,operation program and governance policy.Firstly,in terms of organizational structure and power distribution,In the first section of this chapter,various departments and organizations in the documents of officers returning to Justice were drawn into the organizational structure table of the official government of the Army returning to Justice in accordance with the contents of the yamen,organizational structure,responsibilities and document representation,and the local system of prefecture(army),county(town)and township was sorted out,the organizational structure chart of the army returning to Justic was drawn,and the power distribution relationship under the regime of the army returning to Justice was clarified.The second section studies the transmission process of political,economic,military,livelihood and other information under the rebel regime according to the three modes of information transmission,top to bottom,parallel transmission and bottom to top,and further understands the efficiency and mode of information transmission under the rebel regime as well as the impact on the operation of the rebel regime.In the operation program of the Guiyi military regime,the paper analyzes and studies the operation process of the Guiyi military regime from five aspects:the control of all power,the cooperation of departments and agencies within the government,the processing procedures and adjudication procedures of administrative agencies,the transmission of information between the upper and lower levels,and the intervention of military forces of local governments.The third section mainly explores the governance ability and level of the regime of the returning Rebellion army from three aspects:the system of selecting officials,the ability to deal with government affairs and the governance of Buddhism.The conclusion part firstly makes a summary of the whole paper and finds that after a systematic study on the attribution officer’s documents,This paper explores the economic and social changes and development in the Middle Ages by combining the development and evolution of the clerical system,the official selection system with the rudiment of the official post dispatch system in the Five dynasties and the changes of land and tax system in the period from the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty with the theory of reform in the Tang and Song Dynasties.This is also the significance of this paper.At the same time,it also points out that there are some shortcomings in the research process,such as the text itself has not been deeply discussed,the particularity of the region and the uniqueness of the town,the types of official documents have not been comprehensively recorded.In the end,the author puts forward the prospect of the article,hoping that the systematic sorting and research of the officer’s documents can be of some help and reference to the study of the history of the returned rebellion Army and the study of the literature and scriptural science.