| With the massive excavation of bronze and stone statues in Boxing,Zhucheng,Qingzhou and other places in Shandong Province,the numerous single Buddha statues are quite striking.Its age can be traced back to the Northern Wei Dynasty and down to the Sui Dynasty.The inscriptions contain precious historical information and provide a clear yardstick dating.A total of 175 cases of single Buddha in Shandong province were collected in this paper,which were classified into two categories:copper and stone.Firstly,the author uses archaeological typological research methods to classify the types of Buddhas based on image features such as hair buns,facial features,clothing pattern,gestures,and back screen stands.Among them,the golden bronze Buddha is divided into two types: Type A,the lotus pedestal;Type B,quadruped square seat;The stone statues are divided into three categories: Type C,rectangular monument;Type D,navicular back screen;Type E,single figure.Among them,there are a large number of Type E standing Buddhas,and most of them have incomplete hands and feet.Based on the details of the cassock,this type is further divided into four subtypes: Ea type,shouldered cassock+lace;Eb type,full shoulder cassock+right side monk branch;Ec type,full shoulder cassock;Ed type,with a right side cassock.Secondly,through the research of the age,the number of single standing Buddhas in Shandong Province has shown a trend of increasing in various periods,and reached its peak in the Northern Qi Dynasty.According to the changing characteristics of the standing Buddha in different periods,this batch of statues can be divided into five periods: In the middle period of the Northern Wei Dynasty(477-499),the single standing Buddha were all bronze statues,with simple style.However,the clothing of the late Taihe period gradually expanded,and the decorative techniques became increasingly sophisticated,indicating a new direction for the development of the standing Buddha in the late Northern Wei Dynasty;In the late Northern Wei Dynasty(500-534),stone statues began to appear.In the early period of the Bronze Buddha,the characteristics of the previous period were still followed.After the Zhengguang period,the face gradually became delicate,the body tended to be slender,the style of full robe and wide belt was popular,and the bare back and lotus stand were exquisite and complex;In the Eastern Wei Dynasty(535-550),the square stele type of Buddha has disappeared during the transitional period.The number of individual stone statues has further increased,with a high volume and exquisite ornamentation.The standing Buddha with back screen tends to be concise,and the clothing is light and thin,reflecting the new trend of standing Buddha in the Eastern Wei Dynasty;In the early period of the Northern Qi Dynasty(551-570),single sculpture was the mainstream,pursuing realism and concise clothing patterns;The face of the golden bronze standing Buddha is round,the bun becomes shorter,the clothing is simplified,the back screen is sharp at the top,and the double layer quadruped square seat develops towards a light,narrow and towering height;From the late Northern Qi Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty(571-617),stone statues were decorated with diverse collars,belts,and other decorations,with their body shapes becoming increasingly deformed and patterned.The clothing patterns were simply depicted or without clothing patterns,as if they were naked.Finally,a comparison is made between the typical standing Buddha with Chronological record in Shandong and the single standing Buddha in neighboring Hebei and Shanxi regions during the same period,and it is believed that the standing Buddha in Shandong is deeply influenced by Hebei. |
