A Research On The Group Of Poets And Their Poems Of "Liwai Hanhua" In Kangxi-Qianlong Period Of Qing Dynasty

"Liwai Hanhua" is one of the groups of imperial poets in Qing Dynasty,which is composed of those imperial poets who are low in rank and do not have real power.This poem group has created a large number of unique poems full of personal emotion,through the better realization of the integration of Manchu and Chinese culture,so as to effectively promote the progress and development of Manchu literature,enhance the self-confidence of Manchu literati,is an important part of Manchu literature.This study takes the group of poets of the "Liwai Hanhua" clan and their poems during Kangxi to Qianlong Period as the research object,systematically combs the main members of this group and their creation,focuses on the development of this group during Kangxi to Qianlong period,and studies the poets’ concept of poetry creation,poetic subject matter and artistic style.This paper consists of two parts and five chapters:the introduction part mainly includes the research status and significance of the topic selection,the specific definition of "Liwai Hanhua" poem group and its development stages,and the overview of the early and dormant periods of the poem group.The research summary of this paper is mainly divided into three aspects:the overall study on the group and literary achievements of the "Liwai Hanhua" clan poets,the case study on the outstanding clan poets among them,and the research on the clan poets related to Cao Xueqin and A Dream of Red Mansions.The definition of "Liwai Hanhua" poem group includes three points.First,the poem group is a part of the Qing clan poets,whose members are all the clan.Secondly,according to the division of titles in the Qing Dynasty,the poets’titles are "no more than Bafen";Finally,they did not hold actual posts or enter official circles,and were basically excluded from the center of power.The group had three stages of development,the Shunzhi period was the first stage,the period from Kangxi to Qianlong was the strong stage,and the period from Jiaqing to Daoguang was the last stage.Among them,the early stage represents the poets as Gaosai,and the last stage represents the poets as Zhaolian and Yurui,which are respectively the beginning stage and the decline stage of the poem group.The text is divided into two parts,focusing on the study of "Liwai Hanhua" poem group during Kangxi to Qianlong period.The first is a group study of poets,consisting of two chapters.The next book is poetry research,a total of three chapters.The first chapter discussed the background of the growth of the "Liwai Hanhua" poem group,researched the important members of the poem group,their lives and literary creation,and tried to restore and describe the general appearance of the poet group from the historical level.During the period,the emperors vigorously promoted the Han culture and formed a top-down ethos of writing poems.Meanwhile,the system of Buddhism was gradually improved,which effectively promoted the cultural level of the Qing imperial family.However,at that time,the internal contradictions of the imperial family were fierce,and the cruel political struggle resulted in a large group of imperial families reduced to "political commoners",who could only pursue their life through poetry,and at the same time showed their attitude of not wanting power.However,the country was still prosperous during the Kangxi to Qianlong period,so the living standard of the imperial clan was relatively good,which provided a solid material foundation for their literary creation.So cold flowers outside the "hedge" poetry group is to thrive in the period of the Qing imperial clan,important members have Boerdu,Yueduan,Wenzhao,Hengren,Yonghui,Yongzhong,Dunmin,Duncheng,and so on.The poets’ families were either defeated by political struggles,weakened by involvement,or gradually declined with the establishment of the Qing Dynasty.The reasons vary,but they were all marginal members of the family,and together they promoted the development of"Liwai Hanhua" poems.The second chapter focuses on the poem creation concept of poets,their poetry view has three points.First of all,they were influenced by the thought of Tang poetry in the poetry circle and showed a tendency to live in the Tang Dynasty,which was particularly obvious during Kangxi to Yongzheng period,but in the Qianlong period,they also showed a tendency to take Song poetry.It should be noted that the poetry circle of the Qing Dynasty was greatly influenced by the ruler’s will,and the poets were the family,so the decisive factor of their tendency to live in the Tang Dynasty was the ruler’s advocacy of Tang poetry.Secondly,the poets of "Liwai Hanhua" are Manchu people living in the north of China,and their region and profound national consciousness have created their ideas of poetic creation that emphasize temperament and write truth.According to the relevant remarks in their works and the views of other contemporary Eight Banners poets,this conclusion can be drawn.Finally,the poets received the orthodox Confucian education,but at the same time,they were also influenced by the patriarchal status,and had the side of safeguarding the interests of feudal rule.Therefore,they adhered to the "Gentleness And Sincerity" Confucian philosophy of poetry.Through targeted selection,the next part analyzes the unique aesthetic characteristics of the poetry creation of "Liwai Hanhua" group,so as to reflect the double special identity of the poor family of the poets and the Manchu people,showing the difference from other prominent family poets and ordinary poor poets.The third chapter is the research on the theme of poetry.Three themes are selected in this study,which are respectively expressing the sadness of life and the feeling of missing talent,describing the life of aristocrats and expressing the characteristics of Manchu and Beijing.The three kinds of poems correspond to the identity characteristics of the poet at the bottom,the royal family and the Manchu people.Although the poet was Aisin Gioro,he was at the end of his political life.He often had feelings in his heart,so he expressed his sorrow and sense of misfortune in his poem.However,in the reign of the period of Kangxi to Qianlong,when the national power was at its peak,the living conditions of the lower imperial family were still guaranteed,and their political end did not equal to their economic poverty.They often held banquets and built manors,so they could create poems reflecting the life of the nobility,which was also the difference between the imperial poets and ordinary underprivileged scholars.The poems showing Manchu characteristics and Beijing customs are not only interesting,but also become the excellent materials for later generations to study the folk customs of the Kangxi to Qianlong period,which is of historical value.The fourth chapter studies the style of poems,focusing on the artistic characteristics of generosity,wealth,beauty and melancholy in the poems of "Liwai Hanhua",which not only discusses the aesthetic characteristics of the poems,but also reveals the particularity of the poems.First,influenced by the northern and Manchu identities of the authors,their works show a generous and heroic wind,which is the reflection of collective cultural psychology in their works.Secondly,the trend of wealth and beauty is due to the nobility of the poets,which is reflected in the poems,especially some poems about things,with obvious leisure and elegance,without any sense of hardship and poverty.Thirdly,the political distress and family decline of the author have always led to a long-term negative psychological state,which is manifested in the melancholy in the works.This melancholy sometimes does not point to the specific reasons such as the lack of talent or the short life,but simply expresses the unspeakable tragedy and disillusionment.The fifth chapter is to explore the significance of poetry creation of the "Liwai Hanhua" clan poets group,their poetry has literary and historical significance.In literature,the creation of "Liwai Hanhua" broadened the expression category of classical poetry and broke through the orthodox concept of "Gentleness And Sincerity".Their poems reflected the social reality at that time to some extent.In history,therir poems reflect the customs of the Manchu nationality,the landscape of Beijing and the social development,.At the same time,the poems also provide another angle for researchers to understand and think about the history of the Qing Dynasty.